Bagaimana Proses Terjadinya Pembekuan Darah saat Terluka?

Bagaimana Proses Terjadinya Pembekuan Darah saat Terluka?
Credit: Freepik. Proses pembekuan darah memiliki beberapa tahap.

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Dalam beraktivitas sehari-hari, terkadang kita tidak bisa menghindari cedera yang mengakibatkan luka hingga mengeluarkan darah. Saat Anda terluka, tubuh akan melakukan mekanisme alami untuk menghentukan perdarahan yang dikenal dengan koagulasi. Seperti apa proses pembekuan darah tersebut? Simak uraiannya berikut ini.

 

Proses Pembekuan Darah (Koagulasi)

Proses pembekuan darah atau koagulasi adalah proses mengubah darah yang awalnya berbentuk cair berubah menjadi padat atau menggumpal. Saat Anda terluka, proses ini penting bagi tubuh untuk mencegah kehilangan darah terlalu banyak. Proses ini dalam penyembuhan luka dikenal dengan istilah hemostasis.

Beberapa komponen darah yang terlibat dalam proses pembekuan darah antara lain trombosit atau yang dikenal dengan nama keping darah dan faktor koagulasi atau yang juga dikenal dengan faktor pembekuan darah.

Faktor pembekuan darah adalah protein yang diproduksi hati untuk membekukan darah. Terdapat lebih dari 10 jenis faktor pembekuan darah antara lain fibrinogen, protrombin, trombokinase, kalsium, plasmokinin dan lain-lain.

Baca Juga: Mengapa Luka pada Orang dengan Diabetes Lama Sembuhnya?

Proses pembekuan darah secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi 4 tahap yang meliputi mencegah terlalu banyak kehilangan darah, mempertahankan dan membersihkan daerah tersebut dan memperbaiki serta menyembuhkan luka. 

Berikut ini tahapan proses pembekuan darah:

Tahap 1: Menghentikan perdarahan (hemostasis)

Saat Anda luka dan berdarah, mekanisme pertama yang dilakukan tubuh adalah menghentikan perdarahan atau yang disebut dengan hemostasis. Darah akan mulai menggumpal beberapa detik hingga beberapa menit setelah Anda mengalami luka. Kondisi ini adalah jenis bekuan darah yang penting untuk mencegah tubuh kehilangan terlalu banyak darah.

Tahap 2: Pembekuan darah

Fase pembekuan darah memiliki tiga langkah utama yaitu:

  • Pembuluh darah di sekitar luka menyempit untuk membantu menghentkan perdarahan.
  • Trombosit sebagai sel pembekuan darah akan menggumpal untuk menyumbat luka. Pada proses pembekuan darah akan terbentuk benang fibrin yang membuat jaring untuk menahan trombosit pada tempatnya. 
  • Peradangan, yang meliputi pembersihan dan penyembuhan luka.

Ketika luka Anda tidak lagi berdarah, tubuh akan mulai membersihkan dan menyembuhkan luka.

Tahap 3: Pembentukan jaringan kembali

Setelah luka bersih dan stabil, tubuh akan mulai melakukan pembentukan jaringan. Sel darah merah yang kaya oksigen akan membuat jaringan baru untuk menutup luka. Senyawa kimia dalam tubuh akan mengirim sinyal di area luka untuk membentuk jaringan elastis (kolagen) yang memperbaiki kulit dan jaringan pada luka.

Di tahapan ini Anda akan melihat bekas luka berwarna merah segar. Bekas luka perlahan akan memudar warnanya dan terlihat lebih merata.

Baca Juga: Cara Agar Luka Sunat Lekas Sembuh

Tahap 4: 

Setelah luka Anda tertutup, proses penyembuhan luka masih terus berlangsung. Anda mungkin akan melihat luka menjadi berwarna merah muda, meregang dan mengerut yang diiringi rasa gatal. Ini adalah indikasi bahwa sedang ada pembaruan jaringan untuk memperbaiki dan menguatkan area tersebut.

 

Berapa Lama Proses Penyembuhan Luka?

Berapa lama luka dapat sembuh sebenarnya tergantung dari seberapa besar dan dalam jenis luka yang Anda alami. Luka terbuka umumnya memakan waktu lebih lama untuk sembuh daripada luka tertutup.

Biasanya, luka akan benar-benar sembuh setelah 3 bulan. Pada luka yang dalam dan besar, proses penyembuhan akan lebih cepat jika dilakukan proses jahitan.

Kondisi kesehatan Anda juga memengaruhi berapa lama luka dapat sembuh. Pada orang yang memiliki masalah pembekuan darah seperti hemofilia, akan mengalami proses penyembuhan luka lebih lama. 

Proses penyembuhan luka melibatkan sejumlah protein dan komponen darah. Jika memiliki pertanyaan seputar penanganan luka, Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter atau memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care yang berbasis artificial intelligence. 

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Kamis, 11 Mei 2023 | 15:22
Tags : pembekuan darah luka sayat penyembuhan luka

Medline Plus. How Wounds Heal. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000741.htm#

WebMD. (2021). How Does My Wound Heal, and How Do I Treat It?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/ss/slideshow-how-does-your-wound-heal

Ifftikhar, N. (2019). What to Expect During the 4 Stages of Wound Healing. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/stages-of-wound-healing

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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