Penyebab dan Pemicu Migrain yang Perlu Anda Ketahui

Penyebab dan Pemicu Migrain yang Perlu Anda Ketahui
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Migrain adalah serangan sakit kepala yang disebabkan oleh gangguan saraf pada otak. Penyakit ini ditandai dengan sakit kepala berdenyut yang biasanya terjadi di satu sisi kepala. Beberapa orang mengalami migrain disertai mual, muntah, dan sensitif terhadap cahaya dan suara. Hingga kini belum dapat diketahui penyebab sakit kepala migrain, namun sejumlah faktor seperti genetik dan gangguan senyawa kimia di otak diduga dapat menyebabkan migrain.

 

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Sakit Kepala Migrain

Penyebab sakit kepala migrain belum diketahui dengan pasti hingga saat ini. Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, para ahli menduga perubahan pada batang otak dan pengaruhnya pada saraf trigeminal yang mengedarkan rasa nyeri dapat menyebabkan terjadinya migrain. Selain itu ketidakseimbangan senyawa kimia di otak seperti serotonin juga dianggap berperan dalam menyebabkan migrain. Ketika hormon serotonin rendah, saraf ini melepaskan senyawa kimia (neurotransmite) ke otak yang memunculkan rasa sakit dan dikenal sebagai migrain.

Selain serotonin, pelepasan senyawa kimia prostaglandin juga diduga menyebabkan pembengkakan pembuluh darah di sekitar saraf sehingga menimbulkan rasa nyeri. Namun, apa yang menyebabkan perubahan senyawa kimia dan aktivitas di otak hingga kini masih belum dapat diketahui.

 

Pemicu Sakit Kepala Migrain

Meskipun penyebab utama migrain masih belum diketahui, namun ada beberapa hal yang diketahui dapat memicu terjadinya migrain baik dari faktor internal maupun eksternal. Dilansir dari WebMD, beberapa pemicu migrain antara lain:

1. Perubahan hormon

Pada perempuan, perubahan hormon estrogen juga dapat memicu terjadinya migrain. Fluktuasi estrogen seperti sebelum atau selama menstruasi, kehamilan dan menopause dapat memicu sakit kepala. Selain itu, konsumsi obat hormonal seperti kontrasepsi oral juga dapat memperparah migrain. Namun, pada sebagian perempuan justru mengalami migrain berkurang ketika mengonsumsi obat hormonal tersebut.

2. Stres emosional

Stres merupakan salah satu pemicu migrain. Ketika Anda stres, cemas, atau takut, otak akan melepaskan senyawa yang dapat menyebabkan sakit kepala hebat.

3. Makanan yang dikonsumsi

Selain faktor internal, makanan yang Anda konsumsi juga dapat menyebabkan migrain. Makanan olahan, makanan yang mengandung garam tinggi dan pemanis buatan seperti aspartam, MSG juga dapat menyebabkan migrain. Begitu juga jika Anda melewatkan sarapan hingga kadar gula darah rendah, hal ini juga dapat menyebabkan sakit kepala.

4. Konsumsi alkohol dan kafein

Mengonsumsi minuman beralkohol dan minuman yang tinggi kafein diketahui dapat memicu sakit kepala. Bagi Anda yang sensitif kafein dan alkohol, sebaiknya batasi konsumsi minuman tersebut untuk menghindari migrain.

5. Perubahan cuaca

Perubahan cuaca seperti perubahan tekanan udara, hujan atau panas dapat menyebabkan migrain. Untuk itu, jika Anda berada di lokasi yang memiliki perubahan cuaca cukup drastis, sebaiknya mengantisipasi risiko migrain dengan menjaga tubuh agar tidak terlalu kepanasan atau kedinginan dan menjaga hidrasi tubuh agar tetap baik.

6. Aktivitas fisik yang berat

Aktivitas fisik yang berat seperti olahraga dan behubungan seksual juga dapat menyebabkan sakit kepala. Jika migrain sering terjadi setelah Anda melakukan kedua aktivitas tersebut, maka sebaiknya kurangi intensitasnya agar tidak mengganggu kesehatan Anda.

7. Perubahan pola tidur

Kurang tidur atau tidur terlalu banyak juga dapat menyebabkan migrain. Bagi Anda yang kurang tidur akibat stres atau jet lag karena bepergian ke zona waktu yang berbeda, umumnya rentan mengalami migrain.

 

Selain penyebab dan pemicu migrain di atas, migrain juga memiliki sejumlah faktor risiko seperti usia, faktor genetik dan jenis kelamin. Perempuan berusia 30 tahunan yang memiliki riwayat keluarga migrain cenderung lebih sering mengalami migrain dibandingkan para pria. Migrain umumnya dapat mereda dengan sendirinya setelah beberapa hari. Jika migrain Anda tidak kunjung membaik setelah beberapa hari maka sebaiknya segera periksakan diri ke dokter.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 09:39

WebMD. (2020). Migraine Causes. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-causes#091e9c5e81459030-1-3

Mayo Clinic. Overview. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

 

Upham, B. (2020). Causes and Risk Factors of MIgraine. Available from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/migraine/causes-risk-factors/

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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