Penyakit Seperti Apakah Multiple Sclerosis?

Penyakit Seperti Apakah Multiple Sclerosis?
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) bukanlah penyakit yang sangat umum, tetapi juga bukan termasuk penyakit langka. Penyakit ini dijuluki "penyakit seribu wajah" karena gejalanya sangat beragam dan bisa berbeda-beda pada setiap orang. Bahkan, gejala MS yang dialami seseorang bisa berubah seiring waktu.

Keragaman gejala pada multiple sclerosis membuatnya sulit didiagnosis dan diobati. Penyakit seperti apakah sebenarnya multiple sclerosis itu?

 

Apa itu Multiple Sclerosis dan Penyebabnya

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) termasuk penyakit autoimun. Penyakit sistem saraf pusat ini menyerang otak, sumsum tulang belakang, dan terkadang saraf optik. Orang dengan MS memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang keliru dalam menyerang lapisan pelindung (mielin) yang menyelimuti serabut saraf. Mielin berfungsi seperti isolasi pada kabel listrik, yang juga membantu melancarkan sinyal listrik yang berjalan di antara otak, sumsum tulang belakang, dan seluruh tubuh.

Kerusakan mielin akibat serangan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang keliru inilah yang mengganggu jalannya sinyal listrik hingga menyebabkan gangguan komunikasi antara otak dan tubuh dan menghasilkan gejala-gejala MS.

Baca Juga: Kondisi Kulit yang Disebabkan oleh Autoimun

 

Penyebab MS tidak sepenuhnya dipahami, namun ada beberapa faktor yang berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan risiko berkembangnya kondisi ini:

Demielinasi

Demielinasi adalah proses utama yang menyebabkan MS, di mana mielin mengalami kehancuran sehingga mengganggu kemampuan saraf dalam mengirimkan pesan antara satu sama lain. Tanpa mielin yang sehat, sinyal saraf menjadi terganggu dan menyebabkan gejala MS.

Merokok

Merokok telah terbukti meningkatkan risiko berkembangnya MS dan dapat memperburuk progres penyakit ini apabila telah terdiagnosis.

Paparan racun

Paparan racun lingkungan seperti perokok pasif, pestisida, dapat meningkatkan risiko MS. Bahan kimia tertentu mungkin memicu respons autoimun yang merusak mielin.

Rendahnya kadar vitamin D

Vitamin D berperan penting dalam fungsi sistem kekebalan tubuh. Rendahnya paparan sinar matahari yang menghasilkan vitamin D dikaitkan dengan risiko MS yang lebih tinggi.

Paparan virus

Paparan virus seperti misalnya virus Epstein-Barr mungkin memicu respons autoimun pada orang yang rentan terhadap MS. Beberapa penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa infeksi virus lain juga berperan dalam perkembangan MS, namun hubungan ini masih belum dipahami sepenuhnya. Dibutuhkan lebih banyak penelitian terkait hal ini.

Obesitas pada masa kanak-kanak

Obesitas terutama pada masa kanak-kanak atau remaja dapat meningkatkan risiko MS. Obesitas memengaruhi sistem kekebalan tubuh dan menyebabkan peradangan yang berkontribusi terhadap berbagai macam penyakit termasuk MS.

Kecenderungan genetik

Memiliki anggota keluarga dekat dengan MS meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit ini. Meskipun MS tidak secara langsung diturunkan, ada kecenderungan genetik yang dapat meningkatkan kerentanan seseorang.

Baca Juga: Daftar Penyakit yang Disebabkan Oleh Kondisi Autoimun

 

Kenali Gejala Multiple Sclerosis

Gejala MS bisa bervariasi pada setiap orang. Tingkat keparahannya juga bisa berubah dari waktu ke waktu. Gejala MS yang paling umum dialami di antaranya:

  • Kelelahan yang parah
  • Ketidakmampuan mengoordinasikan gerakan dengan baik
  • Sering pusing atau vertigo
  • Masalah kandung kemih seperti sering buang air kecil dan kesulitan mengosongkan kandung kemih sepenuhnya
  • Gangguan keseimbangan dan koordinasi yang menyebabkan sulit berjalan atau meningkatnya risiko jatuh
  • Masalah kognitif seperti kesulitan berpikir, mengingat, berkonsentrasi, belajar dan membuat penilaian
  • Perubahan suasana hati termasuk depresi, kecemasan atau perubahan emosi yang cepat
  • Kekakuan otot dan kejang otot
  • Nyeri akibat kerusakan saraf

Anda perlu memeriksakan diri ke dokter bila mengalami gejala umum yang dicurigai sebagai MS. Dokter dapat membantu mengevaluasi dan mencari tahu penyebabnya.

Hingga saat ini memang belum ada obat yang dapat menyembuhkan MS. Namun, makin cepat didiagnosis dan diobati, maka gejalanya dapat dikendalikan dan memperlambat perkembangan penyakit.

Memiliki pertanyaan lain seputar multiple sclerosis? Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Senin, 3 Juni 2024 | 03:34

John Hopkins Medicine. Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/multiple-sclerosis-ms 

Cleveland Clinic (2024). Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17248-multiple-sclerosis 

MS Society. Early signs of MS. Available from: https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/signs-and-symptoms/early-signs-of-ms 

Medline Plus (2023). Myelin. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002261.htm 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1720 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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