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  • Penyakit Minamata, Keracunan Merkuri Berat yang Menyerang Sistem Saraf Pusat

Penyakit Minamata, Keracunan Merkuri Berat yang Menyerang Sistem Saraf Pusat

Penyakit Minamata, Keracunan Merkuri Berat yang Menyerang Sistem Saraf Pusat

Bagikan :


Penyakit Minamata adalah kasus keracunan makanan mengandung merkuri berat yang terjadi di Jepang sekitar tahun 1956 silam. Kasus ini sangat gempar karena banyak orang yang menjadi korbannya.

Sumber penularan penyakit Minamata adalah dengan memakan ikan dan kerang yang terkontaminasi merkuri, yang merupakan produk limbah dari produksi asetaldehida dari pabrik Chisso dari tahun 1931-1968 yang dibuang ke teluk Minamata, prefektur Kumamoto. Selama periode tersebut, pembuangan limbah tidak dihentikan dan tidak dilakukan investigasi, sehingga menyebabkan banyak orang keracunan.

Hingga Maret 2011, tercatat ada 2271 pasien yang secara resmi diakui menderita penyakit Minamata, namun diperkirakan jumlah orang yang terkena dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda neurologis keracunan merkuri mencapai beberapa puluh ribu. Menurut Minamata Disease Museum, pada tanggal 30 April 1997, ada sekitar 17 ribu orang di prefektur Kumamoto dan Kagoshima yang mengajukan sertifikasi sebagai korban penyakit Minamata, dari jumlah tersebut 2.265 orang yang telah mendapatkan sertifikasi oleh pemerintah. Selain itu, 11.540 orang ditetapkan sebagai objek tindakan sintesis penyakit Minamata.

Gejala penyakit Minamata

Orang yang mengalami keracunan merkuri, menunjukkan tanda-tanda neurologis seperti parestesia (kulit terasa gatal atau mati rasa tanpa alasan jelas), ataksia (kurangnya kontrol otot atau koordinasi gerakan sukarela seperti berjalan atau mengambil benda), disartria (gangguan bicara yang disebabkan kerusakan otot), penyempitan bidang visual, dan kesulitan mendengar. Beberapa orang bahkan menunjukkan adanya gejala kejiwaan seperti gangguan kecerdasan, gangguan suasana hati dan disfungsi perilaku. Yang paling menyedihkan dari penyakit ini adalah paparan merkuri dapat ditransfer ke janin, sehingga anak-anak yang terkena dampak parah lahir dengan penyakit minamata kongenital. Anak-anak tersebut mengalami keterbelakangan mental dan memiliki koordinasi yang terganggu, ada pula yang mengalami kelainan bentuk anggota badan, memiliki refleks yang buruk, nutrisi dan pertumbuhan yang buruk dan efek lainnya.

Gejala khas 

Dilansir Medindia, ada beberapa gejala penyakit Minamata yang merupakan gejala khas keracunan merkuri, di antaranya:

  • Tremor parah yang tak terkendali
  • Hilangnya kendali motorik
  • Kehilangan sensorik yang mempengaruhi indera pendengaran dan visual
  • Kelumpuhan sebagian
  • Hilangnya kontrol otot selama gerakan sukarela yang dikenal sebagai ataksia
  • Mati rasa ekstim pada tangan dan kaki
  • Gangguan bicara

Gejala pada bayi

Gejala yang muncul pada bayi yang terpapar sejak dalam kandungan di antaranya:

  • Bayi menunjukkan gejala yang mirip dengan cerebral palsy, yang mengakibatkan gangguan perkembangan saraf dan kejang
  • Masalah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan baik fisik dan mental
  • Microcephaly, gangguan perkembangan saraf
  • Keterbelakangan mental
  • Kebutaan dan tuli pada bayi

Penanganan penyakit minamata

Tak banyak yang bisa dilakukan saat itu, karena tidak ada obat yang dapat menyembuhkan penyakit Minamata. Sebagian besar pasien yang mengalami gejala penyakit Minamata pergi ke rumah sakit untuk mendapatkan pengobatan simtomatik dan rehabilitasi.

Kini, terapi khelasi adalah pengobatan yang digunakan untuk mengatasi keracunan logam di tubuh. Terapi ini menggunakan obat khusus yang diminum, dan akan mengikat logam di dalam darah. Obat dimasukkan melalui injeksi intravena di lengan atau diminum secara oral. Kemudian, tubuh akan mengeluarkan racun-racun melalui urin. Selain untuk menghilangkan merkuri, terapi ini juga bermanfaat untuk mengatasi keracunan timbal dan arsenik. Dokter mungkin juga akan meresepkan obat antikonvulsan untuk Anda yang mengalami kejang-kejang setelah keracunan merkuri.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 17:00

Shaun DMello, B.A (2021). Minamata Disease. Available from: https://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/minamata-disease.htm#what-is-minamata-disease

Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, (1998). Minamata Disease. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/minamata-disease

Minamata Disease Museum. 10 Things to Know About Minamata Disease. Available from: https://www.minamatadiseasemuseum.net/10-things-to-know

Ann Pietrangelo (2017). What Is Paresthesia?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/paresthesia

Mayo Clinic (2020). Ataxia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355652

Cleveland Clinic (2020). Dysarthria. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17653-dysarthria

Mary Kugler, RN (2022). The Minamata Disaster and the Disease That Followed. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/minamata-disease-2860856

WebMD (2021). What Is Chelation Therapy?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-chelation-therapy

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.94msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4080 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4080
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.98msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8415 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8415
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new960μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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