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Waspada Penyakit Infeksi Emerging, Kenali Definisi dan Jenis-Jenis Penyakitnya

Waspada Penyakit Infeksi Emerging, Kenali Definisi dan Jenis-Jenis Penyakitnya
Credit: Freepik. Penyakit infeksi emerging perlu mendapat perhatian khusus.

Bagikan :


Pernahkah Anda mendengar istilah penyakit infeksi emerging (PIE)? Beberapa contoh penyakit infeksi emerging di antaranya demam berdarah dengue (DBD), infeksi virus Ebola, flu burung, influenza dan SARS.

Penyakit infeksi emerging perlu mendapat perhatian khusus karena bukan hanya berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat secara umum namun juga pada bidang sosial dan ekonomi.

 

Apa Itu Penyakit Infeksi Emerging?

Belakangan ini bermunculan sejumlah penyakit baru yang menjadi perhatian seluruh warga dunia. Selain itu beberapa penyakit lama yang sudah pernah mewabah juga muncul kembali di daerah yang tidak memiliki riwayat terinfeksi. Penyakit tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai penyakit infeksi emerging.

Dilansir dari National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), beberapa kriteria penyakit infeksi emerging yaitu:

  • Wabah penyakit yang sebelumnya belum diketahui
  • Penyakit yang jumlah kasusnya meningkat pesat dan meluas berdasarkan jangkauan geografis dalam jangka waktu 2 dekade terakhir
  • Persistensi penyakit menular sulit untuk dikendalikan

Kemunculan penyakit ini bukan hanya dapat mengancam sistem pelayanan kesehatan, namun juga memiliki dampak sosial dan ekonomi dalam masyarakat.

Dilansir dari Baylor College of Medicine, penyakit infeksi emerging dapat disebabkan oleh agen infeksi yang sebelumnya tidak terdeteksi atau tidak diketahui, atau agen infeksi yang dikenal namun menyebar ke lokasi geografis baru sehingga menyebabkan penularan baru.

Penyakit infeksi emerging juga disebabkan oleh munculnya kembali agen yang kejadian penyakitnya sudah menurun secara signifikan di masa lalu namun kini penyakitnya muncul kembali. Untuk penyakit jenis ini biasa dikenal sebagai penyakit menular yang muncul kembali (re-emerging). 

Umumnya jenis penyakit yang masuk kategori re-emerging adalah penyakit zoonotik yang menular dari hewan ke manusia. Beberapa jenis penyakit dalam kategori tersebut di antaranya chikungunya dan malaria.

Banyaknya orang yang melakukan perjalanan jauh antar benua, tinggal di daerah berpenduduk padat, melakukan kontak dengan hewan liar ikut meningkatkan risiko munculnya potensi penyakit menular yang muncul untuk menyebar dengan cepat dan menyebabkan epidemi global.

Selain itu, perilaku manusia yang menggunakan antibiotik berlebihan juga dapat menyebabkan orang mengalami resistensi obat-obatan. Kebiasaan ini juga menyebabkan kembalinya penyakit yang dulu dapat diobati dan dikendalikan.

 

Jenis-Jenis Penyakit Infeksi Emerging

Penyakit infeksi emerging dapat disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri, jamur dan parasit. Berdasarkan potensi risikonya terhadap layanan kesehatan masyarakat umum, NIAID membagi penyakit infeksi emerging menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu:

Kategori A

Kategori A yang merupakan penyakit infeksi paling berisiko karena patogennya dapat dengan mudah menular antar manusia, mengakibatkan kematian tinggi dan memiliki potensi gangguan pada sistem kesehatan masyarakat, menyebabkan kepanikan publik dan gangguan sosial serta memerlukan tindakan khusus untuk kesiapsiagaan kesehatan masyarakat.

Penyakit infeksi emerging yang termasuk kategori ini antara lain pes, anthrax, botulism, cacar air, ebola, dan demam dengue.

Kategori B

Kategori B merupakan penyakit prioritas kedua dalam penyakit infeksi emerging. Penyakit ini cukup mudah disebarluaskan, menghasilkan kondisi morbiditas (kesakitan) tingkat sedang dan tingkat kematian rendah serta memerlukan peningkatan khusus kapasitas diagnostik dan peningkatan pengawasan penyakit.

Penyakit yang termasuk jenis ini antara lain hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, chikungunya, infeksi virus Zika, infeksi bakteri salmonella, listeria dan tifus.

Kategori C

Penyakit infeksi yang termasuk dalam kategori C merupakan penyakit yang dapat direkayasa untuk diseminasi massal di masa depan karena tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi serta dampak kesehatan yang besar. Penyakit yang termasuk dalam kategori ini antara lain penyakit rabies, tuberkulosis, virus Hendra, virus Nipah, virus Hanta dan influenza.

 

Setiap negara menghadapi penyakit infeksi emerging yang berbeda-beda. Namun secara umum, penyakit infeksi emerging perlu mendapat perhatian serius karena berpotensi melumpuhkan kondisi kesehatan, sosial dan perekonomian masyarakat.

Segera periksakan ke dokter jika Anda mengalami penyakit infeksi terutama apabila Anda baru saja bepergian dari negara lain yang merupakan lokasi wabah atau endemi.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 03:44

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/ Pathogens. Available from: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/emerging-infectious-diseases-pathogens#

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/emerging-infectious-diseases

Infeksi Emering Kementerian Kesehatan. Mengenal Penyakit Infeksi Emerging. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/mengenal-penyakit-infeksi-emerging

Infeksi Emering Kementerian Kesehatan. Waspada Penyebaran Penyakit Infeksi Emerging. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/berita-bulletin/waspada-penyebaran-penyakit-infeksi-emerging

Baylor College of Medicine. Emerging Infectious Disease. Available from: https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/emerging-infectious-diseases

 

MedicineNet. (2021).  Medical Definition of Emerging infectious disease. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/emerging_infectious_disease/definition.htm

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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new14.29msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9994 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9994
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new18.41msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1704 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1704
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.78msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7258 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7258
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.11msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 556 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 556
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3246 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3246
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.87msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6517 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6517
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.35msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7925 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9675
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8352
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.21msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8338 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8338
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.4msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6954 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6954
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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