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  • Hati-Hati, Pencemaran Air Dapat Menyebabkan Sejumlah Penyakit Gangguan Pencernaan

Hati-Hati, Pencemaran Air Dapat Menyebabkan Sejumlah Penyakit Gangguan Pencernaan

Hati-Hati, Pencemaran Air Dapat Menyebabkan Sejumlah Penyakit Gangguan Pencernaan
Credit: Freepik

Bagikan :


Sekitar dua pertiga bagian dari bumi adalah air. Begitu pentingnya peranan air dalam kehidupan manusia sehingga jika air tercemar, maka kehidupan manusia pun akan terganggu. Pencemaran air dapat menyebabkan sejumlah penyakit terutama gangguan pencernaan.

 

Penyakit Akibat Pencemaran Air

Sanitasi dan kebersihan air menjadi salah satu masalah lingkungan yang sedang dihadapi dunia. Dilansir dari WHO, setidaknya saat ini 2 juta jiwa mengonsumsi air minum yang terkontaminasi dengan tinja. Kondisi ini merupakan salah satu penyebab berbagai masalah kesehatan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Beberapa penyakit akibat pencemaran air di antaranya:

1. Kolera

Kolera adalah penyakit diare akut yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Vibrio cholerae. Orang dapat tertular kolera ketika mengonsumsi makanan laut yang tidak matang atau minum air yang telah terkontaminasi bakteri kolera. Infeksi ini seringkali tidak menunjukkan gejala namun jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat dapat menjadi infeksi parah dan membahayakan jiwa.

2. Diare

Diare merupakan salah satu gangguan pencernaan paling umum. Diare ditandai dengan meningkatnya frekuensi buang air lebih dari 3 kali sehari. Konsistensi tinja lebih encer dari tinja normal dan terkadang disertai nyeri perut. Diare dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya dan tanpa pengobatan khusus, namun pada beberapa kasus jika diare tidak ditangani dengan tepat dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi.

3. Disentri

Disentri adalah infeksi pada usus yang menyebabkan diare disertai darah atau lendir. Disentri dapat disebabkan oleh bakteri Shigella atau parasit Entamoeba histolytica. Umumnya penyakit ini dijumpai di daerah dengan sanitasi buruk di negara tropis. Penularan disentri dapat terjadi melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi serta kebiasaan mencuci tangan yang buruk.

4. Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A adalah penyakit yang menginfeksi hati dan disebabkan oleh virus. Penyakit ini dapat menular dengan cara menyantap makanan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi feses pengidap hepatitis. Selain itu virus hepatitis juga dapat menyebar melalui kontak langsung. Beberapa gejala hepatitis A antar lain nyeri perut, urin berwarna gelap, tidak nafsu makan, mual dan muntah, serta kulit berwarna kekuningan.

5. Demam tifoid

Demam tifoid adalah infeksi bakteri yang dapat menyebar ke seluruh tubuh, menyerang berbagai organ. Penyakit ini membutuhkan penanganan yang tepat agar tidak berakhir fatal. Demam tifoid disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi yang mudah menular melalui makanan dan minuman. Jika seseorang mengonsumsi makanan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi urin atau tinja orang yang terinfeksi bakteri maka ia dapat terinfeksi dan tertular demam tifoid.

6. Infeksi E. coli

Infeksi bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh air atau makanan yang terkontaminasi bakteri tersebut. Biasanya bakteri ini dijumpai dalam sayuran mentah dan daging yang tidak matang sempurna. Beberapa penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri E. coli di antaranya infeksi saluran kemih dan penyakit radang panggul.

7. Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella yang mencemari makanan dan minuman. Penyakit ini menyerang usus dan menimbulkan gejala seperti diare, demam, menggigil dan nyeri perut. Salmonellosis umumnya menyerang anak-anak usia balita atau lansia lebih dari 65 tahun. Pada beberapa orang, infeksi Salmonella terbilang ringan, namun pada kasus berat dapat menyebabkan komplikasi tidak bisa buang air besar dan penyebaran bakteri melalui pembuluh darah yang membahayakan keselamatan jiwa.

Masalah pencemaran air dan sanitasi yang buruk dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan. Jika Anda tinggal di kawasan padat penduduk yang memiliki sanitasi air yang buruk dianjurkan untuk hanya menggunakan air bersih dan matang untuk mengolah makanan dan minuman sehari-hari serta menggunakan penjernih air untuk meminimalisir kontaminasi bakteri.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 02:34

CDC. (2014). Water-related Disease and Contaminants in Public Water Systems. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_diseases.html

Patel, HH. Water-Borne Disease. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Water-Borne-Diseases.aspx

WHO. (2022). Drinking-water. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water#

Life Water. (2019). 7 Most Common Waterborne Diseases. Available from: https://lifewater.org/blog/7-most-common-waterborne-diseases-and-how-to-prevent-them/

CDC. Illness and Symptoms. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/illness.html#

Watson, S. (2020). Dysentery. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysentery

WebMD. Hepatitis A. (2021). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-a

NHS UK. Overview Typhoid Fever. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/typhoid-fever/#

 

CDC. Symptoms. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/ecoli-symptoms.html#

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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