Metrorrhagia: Pendarahan di Antara Siklus Menstruasi

Metrorrhagia: Pendarahan di Antara Siklus Menstruasi
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Saat siklus menstruasi terjadi, lapisan rahim Anda akan mengalami peluruhan. Siklus ini merupakan bagian dari sistem reproduksi wanita demi mempersiapkan tubuh untuk kemungkinan kehamilan.

Peluruhan lapisan rahim ini normalnya terjadi setiap bulan dan dikenal dengan istilah menstruasi atau masa haid. Darah menstruasi sebagian besar beasal dari jaringan di bagian dalam lahir yang mengalir dari rahim melalui leher rahim dan keluar melalui vagina.

 

Siklus Menstruasi yang Normal

Siklus menstruasi menggambarkan urutan peristiwa yang terjadi di dalam tubuh saat tubuh mempersiapkan kemungkinan kehamilan setiap bulannya. Siklus ini normalnya rata-rata berlangsung 28 hari, namun ada juga yang berkisar 21-35 hari.

Siklus menstruasi dianggap tidak normal apabila berlangsung kurang dari 21 hari atau lebih dari 35 hari, tidak datang lebih dari 3 bulan lamanya, atau justru muncul lebih dari dua kali dalam sebulan.

 

Apa itu Metrorrhagia dan Penyebabnya?

Metrorrhagia dikenal juga dengan istilah pendarahan intermenstrual, pendarahan vagina ini terjadi pada interval tidak teratur yang sebenarnya tidak terkait dengan siklus menstruasi. Jadi apabila Anda seperti mengalami menstruasi dua kali dalam sebulan, Anda mungkin sedang mengalami metrorrhagia, bukan menstruasi.

Darah metrorrhagia juga berasal dari rahim, seperti saat menstruasi, namun pendarahan ini tidak mewakili periode normal. Beberapa penyebab metrorrhagia tidak berbahaya, namun sebagian lain bisa menandakan adanya kondisi yang serius, di antaranya sebagai berikut:

  • Menarche dan Menopause

Menarche adalah siklus menstruasi pertama yang diperoleh saat pubertas. Sedangkan menopause adalah berakhirnya siklus menstruasi. Keduanya dapat menyebabkan pendarahan yang tidak teratur sampai pada saat hormon mengalami keseimbangan. Metrorrhagia dapat terjadi di antara kedua kondisi tersebut.

  • Stres

Tak hanya mempengaruhi kondisi kesehatan lainnya, stres juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan siklus menstruasi seperti metrorrhagia. Stres ini bisa berupa stres emosional atau stres fisik yang disebabkan tubuh terlalu lelah atau sehabis bepergian.

  • Kurang nutrisi

Pendarahan rahim yang tidak normal seperti metrorrhagia atau bahkan penghentian total siklus menstruasi dapat muncul ketika Anda kekurangan gizi atau memiliki berat badan kurang. Kesalahan memilih program diet atau diet terlalu ketat bisa menjadi salah satu pemicunya.

Agar hormon dan siklus ovulasi Anda berjalan seimbang dan normal, pastikan asupan nutrisi Anda tercukupi dan persentase lemak tidak kurang dari jumlah seharusnya.

  • Kondisi kesehatan tertentu

Metrorrhagia juga bisa mengindikasikan kondisi kesehatan yang mungkin tidak disadari. Beberapa kondisi dianggap tidak berbahaya, namun kondisi lain memiliki konsekuensi serius apabila tidak segera ditangani dan diobati, di antaranya:

    • Radang rahim (endimetritis)
    • Radang serviks (servisitis)
    • Peradangan vagina (vaginitis)
    • Penyakit radang panggul
    • Infeksi menular seksual
    • Endometriosis
    • Sindrom ovarium polikistik (PCOS)
    • Adenomiosis
    • Kista ovarium
    • Torsi tuba fallopi
    • Fibroid atau polip rahim
    • Penyakit tiroid
    • Kondisi yang mempengaruhi kelenjar pituitari/ kelenjar adrenal
    • Gangguan koagulasi seperti penyakit Von Willebrand
    • Gangguan pendarahan yang berhubungan dengan leukimia
    • Gangguan struktur, ukuran, atau posisi rahim

 

Gejala Metrorrhagia

Sebagian orang yang memiliki siklus menstruasi teratur mengalami pendarahan ringan atau bercak flek, terutama saat ovulasi. Metrorrhagia memiliki pola mirip seperti menstruasi namun terjadi di luar siklus menstruasi. Pendarahan terkadang tidak dapat diprediksi dan terjadi secara acak. Anda mungkin tidak akan merasakan sakit saat pendarahan terjadi, atau hanya mengalami kembung saja.

Pendarahan intermenstruasi ini seringkali ringan, namun juga bisa sangat berat bahkan lebih berat daripada periode menstruasi normal.

Warna darah yang keluar coklat tua, merah hingga merah muda, dan terkadang disertai lendir atau gumpalan yang menempel di pakaian dalam atau keluar saat Anda menyekanya.

 

Apabila Anda mengalami pendarahan yang tidak normal di antara siklus menstruasi, baik itu ringan maupun berat, ada baiknya untuk membicarakan dan memeriksakan diri ke dokter. Dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan lebih detail terkait riwayat kesehatan keluarga, kapan pendarahan abnormal ini dimulai, riwayat hubungan seksual, dan pemeriksaan fisik. Pemeriksaan dini akan membantu mencegah risiko penyakit yang serius seperti misalnya kanker serviks, dan jenis kanker lainnya.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 05:24

Mount Sinai. Menstrual disorders. Available from: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/menstrual-disorders

Abby Norman (2022). An Overview of Metrorrhagia. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/an-overview-of-metrorrhagia-4584380

Cleveland Clinic (2019). Normal Menstruation. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-normal-menstruation

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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        • 0: 7145
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.89msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8485 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 8485
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9056 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 7164
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 7053
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      App\Models\Admin\Post
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      App\Models\Admin\Category
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