Alergi, dari Penyebab Sampai Pengobatannya

Alergi, dari Penyebab Sampai Pengobatannya

Bagikan :


Alergi adalah reaksi dari sistem kekebalan tubuh terhadap zat asing dari lingkungan luar, yang masuk atau bersentuhan dengan tubuh. Zat asing ini biasanya tidak menimbulkan reaksi pada sebagian besar orang. Biasanya orang dengan alergi tidak hanya sensitif terhadap satu hal saja. Reaksi alergi bisa muncul sebagai reaksi kulit, batuk-pilek, atau gejala berat seperti sesak nafas.

Penyebab alergi

Dilansir Medlineplus, inilah substansi yang kerap memicu reaksi alergi:

  • Serbuk sari
  • Tungau
  • Debu
  • Spora jamur
  • Bulu hewan
  • Makanan
  • Sengatan serangga
  • Obat

Normalnya, sistem kekebalan tubuh bertugas melawan bakteri atau kuman. Namun, dalam kondisi alergi, sistem kekebalan tubuh salah mengenali zat yang ditemui dan muncullah reaksi alergi.

Gejala alergi

Gejala alergi yang ditunjukkan bisa bermacam-macam, mulai dari ringan sampai berat. Gejala alergi bisa memengaruhi kulit, sistem pernafasan, sistem pencernaan, atau sistem kardiovaskular, tergantung beratnya alergi. Gejala yang bisa muncul antara lain:

  • Kulit: rasa gatal, kemerahan di kulit, urtikaria
  • Mukosa: pembengkakan di bibir atau lidah, rasa penuh di tenggorok, sulit menelan
  • Sistem pernafasan: pilek, suara serak, sesak nafas, mengi
  • Saluran cerna: mual-muntah, kram perut, diare
  • Kardiovaskular: denyut nadi menjadi cepat, pingsan, tekanan darah menurun, nyeri dada
  • Sistem saraf: sakit kepala, perubahan kesadaran
  • Mata: bengkak atau kemerahan pada area mata

Anak-anak juga bisa memunculkan gejala dengan menangis, menjadi mudah marah, dan tidak mau bermain. Perhatikan tanda bahaya pada reaksi alergi seperti sesak nafas, mengi, lalu tanda penurunan tekanan darah seperti pandangan gelap, penurunan kesadaran sampai pingsan. Tanda bahaya ini muncul setelah terpapar zat penyebab alergi dalam beberapa menit sampai beberapa jam. Bila ada gejala seperti ini segera cari pertolongan ke fasilitas kesehatan terdekat.

Pengobatan alergi

Sebagai pertolongan pertama saat Anda mengalami reaksi alergi, anda bisa mengonsumsi obat yang mengandung antihistamin. Namun, perlu diingat bahwa obat ini tidak bisa diminum bebas karena Anda harus melakukan konsultasi terlebih dahulu dengan dokter untuk menentukan dosis obat yang harus diminum.

Selain mengonsumsi obat tersebut, penderita alergi juga harus mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penyebab alergi tersebut dan menghindari faktor tersebut. Dalam kasus darurat, penderita alergi akan mendapatkan injeksi obat epinephrine untuk mengatasi reaksi alergi berat sehingga dapat menyelamatkan nyawanya.

Apabila Anda mengalami gejala alergi yang tak kunjung hilang, kunjungi dokter untuk mendapatkan pengobatan yang akan membantu mengurangi gejala alerginya.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 13:49

Krans B, Holland K (2018). Everything You Need to Know About Allergies. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies#symptoms

National Library of Medicine (2021). Allergy. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/allergy.html

Dougherty J, Alsayouri K, Sadowski A (2021). Allergy. NCBI Statpearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545237/

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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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