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Kenali Zoonosis, Penyakit yang Bisa Menular dari Hewan ke Manusia

Kenali Zoonosis, Penyakit yang Bisa Menular dari Hewan ke Manusia
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Pada tahun 1958 silam, penyakit mirip cacar ditemukan pertama kalinya pada koloni monyet yang dipelihara untuk penelitian. Penyakit tersebut kemudian diberi nama monkeypox atau cacar monyet. Kemudian di tahun 1970, Republik Demokratik Kongo melaporkan adanya kasus cacar monyet pada manusia, yang terus menyebar dan dilaporkan di negara-negara Afrika tengah dan barat lainnya.

Tak hanya cacar monyet, sebenarnya ada banyak penyakit yang bisa menular dari hewan ke manusia. Penyakit tersebut dikenal dengan istilah zoonosis.

 

Apa itu Zoonosis?

Menurut CDC, penyakit zoonotik atau disebut juga zoonosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kuman yang menyebar antara hewan dan manusia.

Walaupun hewan adalah makhluk hidup yang dekat dengan manusia dan memberikan banyak manfaat, namun hewan tetap bisa membawa kuman yang dapat ditularkan ke manusia. Kuman tersebut bisa berbentuk virus, bakteri, parasit, maupun jamur. Kuman ini bila tertular ke manusia, dapat menyebabkan serangkaian kondisi kesehatan dengan gejala yang ringan, berat, bahkan kematian.

 

Cara Penularan Kuman dari Hewan ke Manusia

Kuman dari hewan bisa menular ke manusia melalui beberapa cara, di antaranya:

  • Kontak langsung

Kuman dari hewan bisa menular ke manusia, bila manusia berkontak langsung dengan air liur, darah, urin, lendir, feses atau cairan tubuh lain dari hewan yang terinfeksi. Hal ini bisa terjadi misalnya melalui belaian tangan, menyentuh hewan, gigitan hewan maupun cakarannya.

  • Kontak tidak langsung

Kuman yang dibawa hewan bahkan bisa menyebar melalui kontak tidak langsung dengan hewan. Misalnya ketika Anda bersentuhan dengan tempat hewan itu hidup atau berkeliaran, bekas tempat makannya, kandangnya, tanaman atau tanah di sekitarnya.

  • Gigitan hewan

Kuman bahkan bisa dibawa juga oleh hewan melalui gigitan, misalnya seperti gigitan kutu, gigitan serangga, bahkan gigitan nyamuk.

  • Kontaminasi makanan dan minuman

Sebagian kuman ditularkan oleh hewan melalui makanan yang terkontaminasi. Misalnya ketika Anda makan atau minum sesuatu yang tidak dimasak sampai matang, susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi, sayuran dan buah-buahan mentah yang terkontaminasi kotoran hewan dan tidak dicuci sampai bersih.

Kuman ini juga bisa menyebar ke manusia lewat konsumsi air minum yang terpapar feses dari hewan yang terinfeksi.

 

Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis

Sebenarnya ada banyak jenis penyakit zoonosis, namun beberapa kasus yang paling sering dilaporkan di antaranya:

  • Rabies

Rabies adalah penyakit yang menyerang sistem saraf mamalia, yang biasanya disebabkan oleh virus dan ditularkan jika hewan yang terinfeksi menggigit hewan lain atau manusia. Rabies dapat berakibat fatal apabila tidak segera ditangani. Untungnya saat ini sudah ada vaksin untuk mencegah rabies.

  • Demam berdarah dengue, malaria, chikungunya

Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk, di mana gejala umumnya meliputi demam, muntah, sakit kepala. Gejalanya juga bisa berupa gejala ringan hingga berat yang dapat berakibat fatal.

  • Salmonella

Indeksi salmonella menyebabkan seseorang merasa sakit 4-7 hari, di mana gejalanya meliputi diare, demam, kram perut. Umumnya Anda bisa sembuh tanpa pengobatan, namun apabila gejalanya memburuk maka harus segera mendapatkan pertolongan medis.

  • Infeksi E. coli

Bakteri E. coli ini biasanya ditularkan hewan yang terinfeksi saat Anda melakukan kontak langsung dengan hewan, feses, atau kandang hewan yang terinfeksi. Mirip seperti infeksi Salmonella, Anda akan merasakan gejala seperti mual, kram perut dan diare. Anda disarankan untuk minum cukup air dan beristirahat apabila terinfeksi bakteri ini agar lekas sembuh.

  • Monkeypox (cacar monyet)

Cacar monyet adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dan ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia melalui kontak langsung dengan darah, cairan tubuh, lesi kulit hewan yang terinfeksi, mengonsumsi hewan liar yang terkontaminasi.

Artikel-artikel lain mengenai cacar monyet bisa Anda baca di sini.

 

Saat manusia terinfeksi, ia dapat menularkannya ke manusia lain melalui kontak langsung dengan mukus atau lendir dari saluran napas, ruam kulit dari orang yang terinfeksi, atau benda yang terkontaminasi. Penularan juga dapat terjadi melalui plasenta ibu ke janin atau kontak selama persalinan.

 

Risiko terinfeksi penyakit yang dibawa oleh hewan memang tinggi terutama bila Anda memiliki hewan yang tinggal di lingkungan yang sama. Selain itu, tinggal di negara tropis juga berarti berisiko tinggi terhadap DBD, malaria dan chikungunya. Agar terhindar dari penyakit zoonosis, Anda disarankan untuk menjalankan kebiasaan hidup sehat. Mencuci tangan dengan air dan sabun dengan benar, mencegah gigitan nyamuk, menghindari gigitan atau cakaran hewan, dan menjaga kebersihan makanan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 02:36

Department of Health. Zoonotic Diseases: Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans. Available from: https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/animal/zoo/index.html

CDC (2021). Zoonotic Diseases. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html

R. Manuhutu dan L. Aziza (2022). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Monkeypox. Available from: https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/situasi-infeksi-emerging/frequently-asked-questions-faq-monkeypox

CDC (2021). About Monkeypox. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/about.html

CDC (2019). 8 Zoonotic Diseases Shared Between Animals and People of Most Concern in the U.S. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0506-zoonotic-diseases-shared.html

 

Seymour, T. (2022). Types of zoonotic diseases. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320618

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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