Mengenal Kanker Kelenjar Getah Bening atau Limfoma

Mengenal Kanker Kelenjar Getah Bening atau Limfoma

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Kanker kelenjar getah bening atau limfoma adalah kanker yang berkembang di limfosit (salah satu jenis sel darah putih.) Sel darah putih bermanfaat membantu melawan penyakit di dalam tubuh dan berperan sebagai pertahanan kekebalan tubuh. Berbeda dengan leukemia, limfoma terjadi akibat sel kanker yang menyerang limfosit secara spesifik, sehingga menyebabkan pembengkakan pada kelenjar getah bening.

Jenis kanker kelenjar getah bening

Kanker ini memiliki dua jenis dan sangat mudah berkembang serta menyebar di berbagai jaringan tubuh dan organ, terutama pada hati, sumsum tulang belakang, dan paru. Kanker ini dapat menyerang segala usia mulai anak-anak hingga dewasa (15-24 tahun). Dilansir Medical News Today, berikut adalah dua jenis limfoma, yaitu:

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Jenis limfoma non-hodgkin merupakan jenis kanker kelenjar getah bening yang paling umum. Biasanya kanker ini berkembang pada sel B dan T kelenjar getah bening atau di seluruh jaringan tubuh lain. Pertumbuhan kanker ini tidak mempengaruhi kelenjar getah bening. Sayangnya, jenis kanker ini lebih berbahaya dari limfoma hodgkin.

Hodgkin lymphoma

Limfoma hodgkin diketahui memiliki tingkat kesembuhan yang lebih besar dibandingkan jenis non-hodgkin. Biasanya kanker jenis ini diidentifikasi dengan hadirnya sel Reed-Sternberg. Kanker ini juga berpindah-pindah dari kelenjar getah bening satu ke kelenjar lain yang posisinya berdekatan.

Gejala

Secara umum, gejala kanker kelenjar getah bening yang peru diwaspadai adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Demam tanpa adanya infeksi
  • Keringat dingin, menggigil
  • Penurunan berat badan, kehilangan napsu makan
  • Gatal yang tidak dapat dijelaskan penyebabnya
  • Kelelahan terus menerus dan kehabisan energi
  • Sakit pada kelenjar getah bening terutama setelah minum alkohol

Pada limfoma non-Hodgkin, umumnya ada tambahan gejala lain sebagai berikut:

  • Batuk terus menerus
  • Napas pendek-pendek
  • Nyeri atau pembengkakan pada perut
  • Kelumpuhan
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening

Faktor risiko

Dilansir dari WebMD, sejumlah kondisi dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker kelenjar getah bening. Pada limfoma non-hodgkin, risiko akan meningkat pada usia lebih dari 60 tahun. Sedangkan, pada limfoma hodgkin, dapat terjadi pada usia 15-40 tahun atau lebih dari 55 tahun. Faktor jenis kelamin juga diketahui dapat menjadi salah satu faktor risiko, yaitu pria lebih banyak mengalami limfoma dibandingkan wanita.

Selain itu, beberapa penyakit dan kondisi berikut dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya limfoma, yaitu:

  • Memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang rendah akibat HIV/AIDS, transplanstasi organ, atau sistem kekebalan tubuh rendah akibat bawaan lahir
  • Memiliki penyakit yang berhubungan dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh misalnya, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus, or celiac disease
  • Teinfeksi virus Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, atau human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1)
  • Memiliki riwayat keluarga dengan keluhan kanker limfoma
  • Terpapar zat kimia yang biasanya digunakan mengontrol serangga atau alang-alang
  • Pernah mengalami sakit kanker limfoma baik Hodgkin maupun non-Hodgkin
  • Pernah mengalami jenis kanker lainnya

Terapi

Kanker kelenjar getah bening atau limfoma umumnya dapat diobati. Dilansir Medical News Today, berikut adalah beberapa jenis perawatan dan pengobatan yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi limfoma:

  • Terapi biologis, yaitu perawatan menggunakan obat-oabatan untuk menstimulasi sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk menyerang balik sel kanker.
  • Terapi antibodi, yaitu obat-obatan antibodi sintetis yang dimasukkan ke dalam aliran darah.
  • Kemoterapi.
  • Radioimmunotherapy, yaitu penggunaan radiasi untuk membunuh sel kanker yang menyerang limfosit B dan T.
  • Terapi radiasi, yaitu terapi yang digunakan untuk membunuh area kecil kanker menggunakan dosis radiasi terkonsentrasi.
  • Transplantasi stem cell, yaitu pengobatan yang digunakan untuk membantu memulihkan sumsum tulang yang rusak setelah kemoterapi dosis tinggi atau terapi radiasi.
  • Steroid, yaitu pengobatan melalui injeksi steroid untuk mengatasi limfoma.
  • Operasi, yaitu pengangkatan limpa atau organ lain setelah limfoma menyebar untuk mencegah penyebaran ke organ lain.

Dengan pengobatan yang cepat dan tepat maka kanker limfoma dapat diobati. 72% - 86,6% pasien yang mengalami limfoma berhasil diobati dan bertahan setidaknya lebih dari 5 tahun. 

 

Apabila Anda mengalami gejala yang mengarah ke limfoma, sebaiknya periksakan diri Anda ke dokter terdekat. Pengenalan dini gejala pada limfoma dapat membantu Anda melakukan terapi dengan cepat, sehingga meningkatkan angka keberhasilan pengobatan.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 12:16

Felman A. What to know about lymphoma (2019). Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146136.

 

Watson S. What Is Lymphoma? (2020). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/lymphoma-cancer.

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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