Sudah Ada Gejala, Beginilah Cara Mendiagnosis Malaria

Sudah Ada Gejala, Beginilah Cara Mendiagnosis Malaria
Credits: Freepik Ilustrasi tes darah malaria

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Menurut WHO, pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan terdapat 241 juta kasus malaria di seluruh dunia. Penyakit yang ditularkan ke manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina ini adalah penyakit yang dapat mengancam jiwa. Gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina membawa parasit yang disebut Plasmodium, yang ketika masuk ke dalam tubuh akan menginfeksi liver dan menyebar melalui aliran darah.

Walaupun dapat dicegah dan disembuhkan, perkiraan jumlah kematian akibat malaria masih mencapai 627 ribu pada tahun 2020 saja, inilah mengapa malaria masih menjadi beban global yang wajib diwaspadai.

 

Gejala Malaria

Gejala awal malaria mirip seperti gejala flu, di mana Anda akan merasakan demam, sakit kepala dan menggigil yang muncul 10-15 hari setelah gigitan nyamuk.

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, berikut adalah gejala lain yang mungkin berkembang saat Anda terinfeksi malaria:

  • Demam
  • Menggigil
  • Rasa tidak nyaman
  • Sakit kepala
  • Mual dan muntah
  • Diare
  • Sakit perut
  • Nyeri otot dan persendian
  • Kelelahan
  • Napas tidak teratur
  • Detak jantung tidak teratur
  • Batuk

Beberapa jenis parasit malaria dapat tertidur di dalam tubuh hingga satu tahun lamanya, dan ketika kambuh gejalanya dapat memburuk hingga mengancam jiwa.

 

Diagnosis Malaria

Apabila Anda tinggal di daerah endemik malaria, menderita demam atau memiliki riwayat demam dalam 48 jam terakhir wajib diduga malaria tanpa mengesampingkan penyebab demam lain. Dokter juga akan mencurigai gejala malaria bila Anda tidak tinggal di daerah endemik, namun dalam 7 hari terakhir Anda mengalami demam dan memiliki riwayat bepergian ke daerah endemik malaria.

Untuk mendiagnosis apakah Anda terinfeksi malaria atau tidak, dokter akan merekomendasikan pemeriksaan laboratorium, di antaranya seperti dilansir Very Well Health berikut ini:

  • Tes darah lengkap dan kadar elektrolit dalam darah - tes ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa konsekuensi yang disebabkan oleh malaria seperti adanya peradangan, anemia dan gagal ginjal
  • Pemeriksaan mikroskopis - tes ini adalah metode visualisasi sampel darah yang ditempatkan pada slide dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop. Parasit dapat dikenali ketika sampel darah diwarnai dengan pewarna khusus yang disebut Giemsa.
  • Tes antigen cepat - rapid test antigen atau tes antigen cepat dapat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan parasit dengan cepat, namun tes ini terbilang cukup mahal dan dianggap kurang akurat bila dibandingkan pemeriksaan mikroskopis
  • Tes PCR (reaksi rantai polimerase) untuk malaria - tes ini dilakukan untuk mendeteksi kebeadaan materi genetik parasit malaria dalam sampel darah yang diambil. Tes ini dianggap sebagai tes yang sangat sensitif, tetapi untuk mengetahui hasilnya mungkin dibutuhkan waktu beberapa hari dan biaya tes ini lebih mahal dibandingkan tes lainnya
  • CT Scan atau MRI - pada kondisi tertentu seperti malaria serebral (komplikasi serius di mana malaria telah menyebar ke otak), dokter akan merekomendasikan Anda menjalani CT Scan atau MRI untuk menunjukkan pencitraan otak di mana ada pembengkakan atau area pendarahan kecil dan stroke. Namun tes ini tidak cukup spesifik untuk mendiagnosis malaria itu sendiri, masih dibutuhkan tes lain seperti tes darah untuk mendiagnosis malaria

Ketika diagnosis telah didapatkan, Anda akan diberikan obat dan perawatan sesuai dengan gejala dan kondisi. Dokter mungkin juga akan memberikan beberapa kombinasi obat terutama untuk membunuh jenis parasit malaria tertentu dan mengevaluasi pengobatan sampai kondisi diyakini terbebas dari parasit malaria.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 11:35

Heidi Moawad, MD (2021). How Malaria Is Diagnosed. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-malaria-is-diagnosed-4160747

Mayo Clinic (2021). Malaria. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351190

Stanford Health Care. Malaria Diagnosis. Available from: https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/primary-care/malaria/diagnosis.html

Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kemenkes RI (2017). Buku Saku Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria. Available from: https://persi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/bukusaku_malaria.pdf

 

WHO (2022). Malaria. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria

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        Backtrace
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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