Cara Penularan Hepatitis yang Perlu Anda Waspadai

Cara Penularan Hepatitis yang Perlu Anda Waspadai
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Penyakit hepatitis merupakan penyakit yang menyebabkan peradangan hati, baik disebabkan oleh virus maupun non-virus. Dilihat dari penyebabnya, penyakit ini memiliki karakteristik dan cara penularan yang berbeda. Karenanya, penting untuk mengenali penularan setiap jenis hepatitis demi mencegah penularan di lingkup keluarga.

 

Berbagai Cara Penularan Penyakit Hepatitis

Secara umum, hepatitis dapat dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus dan hepatitis lain yang tidak disebabkan oleh virus. Hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus terdiri dari hepatitis A, hepatitis B, C, D dan E. Sedangkan hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh nonvirus dapat dipicu oleh konsumsi alkohol yang berlebihan (hepatitis alkoholik) dan hepatitis autoimun.

Dari kedua jenis hepatitis tersebut, yang mudah menular adalah hepatitis virus. Berikut ini beberapa cara penularan hepatitis yang perlu Anda waspadai:

1. Menular melalui kontaminasi makanan

Hepatitis A dan E dapat menular melalui rute fekal-oral, yaitu penyebaran melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi dengan tinja yang telah terinfeksi virus hepatitis. Penularan virus ini bisa terjadi karena gaya hidup yang kurang bersih, seperti tidak mencuci tangan setelah buang air besar dan buang air kecil, atau menyentuh benda yang sudah terkontaminasi virus hepatitis.

Selain itu, penularan hepatitis A dan E juga dapat terjadi melalui makanan yang tidak diolah secara matang sempurna. Makanan yang kurang matang dan tidak dicuci sebelum dimasak seperti sayur, buah-buahan, kerang-kerangan, serta penggunaan air yang tidak bersih juga dapat menyebabkan penularan virus hepatitis. 

2. Penularan melalui penggunaan barang pribadi secara bergantian

Virus hepatitis juga dapat menular melalui penggunaan barang pribadi secara bergantian. Barang pribadi yang dimaksud antara lain alat cukur, alat makan, sikat gigi, dan penggunaan alat operasi yang tidak steril.

3. Menular melalui transfusi darah

Beberapa jenis hepatitis merupakan penyakit yang menular melalui pertukaran darah yang telah terkontaminasi. Virus hepatitis B, C dan D diketahui dapat menular melalui transfusi darah. Meskipun demikian, kasus ini terbilang jarang terjadi karena sebelum melakukan donor darah setiap pedonor darah diwajibkan pemeriksaan untuk memastikan bahwa darah yang akan disumbangkan tidak mengandung virus hepatitis.

4. Penggunaan jarum suntik yang terkontaminasi

Salah satu cara penularan hepatitis adalah melalui penggunaan jarum suntik bersama-sama. Jika jarum suntik yang digunakan telah terkontaminasi virus hepatitis, maka Anda memiliki risiko tinggi tertular hepatitis. Biasanya penularan hepatitis melalui jarum suntik marak terjadi pada orang yang membuat tato, tindik dan menggunakan obat-obatan terlarang.

5. Menular melalui persalinan

Hepatitis B dapat menular secara vertikal dari ibu ke bayi yang dilahirkan. Penyebaran ini disebabkan oleh bayi yang terpapar darah atau cairan vagina ibu yang terinfeksi ketika proses persalinan. Pada ibu hamil, infeksi virus hepatitis B dapat meningkatkan risiko bayi lahir prematur, diabetes, dan berat badan bayi lahir rendah. Untuk itu, penting bagi ibu hamil menjalani pemeriksaan hepatitis demi mencegah penularan dari ibu ke bayi.

6. Menular melalui hubungan seksual

Seseorang dapat tertular hepatitis A dan B melalui hubungan seksual yang dilakukan tanpa alat kontrasepsi. Pertukaran cairan tubuh seperti cairan vagina dan sperma dapat menjadi salah satu cara penularan virus hepatitis. Bila Anda berhubungan seksual dengan pengidap hepatitis, besar kemungkinan Anda akan tertular. Meskipun demikian, virus hepatitis tida akan menular melalui pelukan, sentuhan tangan atau sekadar kecupan dengan pengidap hepatitis.

Mengetahui cara penularan hepatitis dapat membantu mengurangi risiko penularan hepatitis di sekitar. Sebagai langkah pencegahan, Anda dapat menerapkan pola hidup bersih sehat dengan rajin mencuci tangan dengan sabun, memasak makanan hingga matang sempurna menggunakan air matang, tidak berbagi jarum dan barang pribadi lainnya, melakukan hubungan seksual dengan alat kontrasepsi. Bila Anda merasakan gejala hepatitis, sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter agar segera mendapat penanganan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 02:19

Kids Health. (2017). Hepatitis. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/hepatitis.html

CDC. Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for the Public. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/afaq.htm#B1

Nall, R. (2020). How Can a Person Transmit Hepatitis C?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318888

CDC. (2020). Sexual Transmission and Viral Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/populations/stds.htm#

WebMD. (2021). A Visual Guide to Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-hepatitis-overview#

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Hepatitis A. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis-a

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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