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Mengenal Lobotomi, Prosedur Penanganan Gangguan Mental yang Jadi Kontroversi

Mengenal Lobotomi, Prosedur Penanganan Gangguan Mental yang Jadi Kontroversi
Ilustrasi pemeriksaan otak. Credit: Freepik

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Penelitian mengenai pengobatan kesehatan mental di abad ke-20 belum berkembang seperti sekarang. Pada masalah kesehatan mental yang tidak merespon dengan terapi standar, bisa dilakukan prosedur pembedahan otak yang dikenal dengan istilah lobotomi untuk mengobati pasien.

Ada beberapa jenis lobotomi, namun tujuannya sama yaitu untuk memutus sambungan pada salah satu bagian otak. Saat ini lobotomi dianggap sebagai prosedur kontroversial dan telah dilarang karena dianggap primitif, berbahaya dan bisa memberikan risiko yang serius pada pasien. 

 

Apa Itu Lobotomi?

Prosedur lobotomi adalah jenis operasi otak yang banyak dilakukan di tahun 1930 hingga 1950an. Pada saat itu pengobatan kesehatan mental belum berkembang seperti sekarang sehingga prosedur ini banyak dilakukan untuk menangani pasien skizofrenia dan depresi.

Istilah lobotomi mengacu pada operasi yang dilakukan dengan memutuskan hubungan antara lobus frontal dan berbagai bagian otak. Lobus frontal adalah bagian otak yang terlibat dalam banyak proses otak seperti kemampuan berbahasa, melakukan gerakan volunteer (secara sadar kita lakukan) dan banyak kemampuan kognitif lainnya.

Para ahli saat itu menganggap bahwa gangguan kesehatan mental disebabkan oleh suatu stimulus abnormal yang mencapai bagian frontal di otak. Stimulus tersebut dipercaya membuat pasien berperilaku impulsif dan kasar. Dengan memutus hubungan antara lobus frontal dengan bagian otak lain terutama talamus, diharapkan gejolak emosi pasien lebih dapat dikendalikan dan pasien bisa pulang kembali ke keluarga.

Beberapa jenis prosedur lobotomi antara lain:

  • Topektomi, di mana dokter mengangkat sebagian lobus frontal
  • Leukotomi, yaitu memutus hubungan antara lobus frontal dan talamus
  • Neuro-injeksi agen sklerosis, dilakukan dengan penyuntikan obat yang mengeraskan serat penghubung lobus frontal ke talamus

Baca Juga: Diklaim Meningkatkan Fungsi Otak, Ini Manfaat Lain Jamur Lion's Mane bagi Kesehatan

 

Sejarah Prosedur Lobotomi

Munculnya pemikiran mengenai prosedur lobotomi berawal dari sejak tahun 1891 ketika psikiater Swiss Gottlieb Burckhardt melakukan operasi pada beberapa pasien skizofrenia berat. Burckhardt mengangkat sebagian jaringan otak pasien dan mencatat bahwa setelah prosedur tersebut pasien terlihat lebih tenang. Saat itu lobotomi diajukan sebagai terapi paliatif dan bukan pengobatan kuratif, pilihan terakhir bagi orang-orang yang kondisinya tidak merespon pengobatan lainnya. Namun ide ini ditentang oleh komunitas medis. 

Di tahun 1930-an, beberapa dokter menghidupkan kembali gagasan tersebut. Spesialis saraf Portugis António Egas Moniz bekerja sama dengan rekannya, Almeida Lima, untuk mengembangkan leukotomi. Keduanya mulai mempromosikan prosedur ini di seluruh Eropa, meskipun tidak ada bukti yang meyakinkan bahwa prosedur ini bermanfaat.

Pada awalnya, lobotomi dilakukan dengan cara membuat lubang kecil pada tengkorak pasien. Dari lubang tersebut, akan disuntikkan cairan etanol pada jaringan otak yang berwarna putih (substansia alba subkortikalis) di lobus prefrontal otak.

Sementara itu, Walter Freeman menciptakan metode lobotomi baru yang lebih kontroversial. Ia tak melubangi tengkorak, melainkan mengiris bagian depan otak dengan alat pengungkit khusus yang menyerupai penusuk es batu kecil (ice pick) dengan ujung yang sangat runcing dari besi. Pengungkit ini akan dimasukkan lewat rongga mata pasien. Prosedur ini kontroversial salah satunya karena klaim Freeman bahwa metode ini tidak memerlukan ruang operasi yang steril dan bisa dilakukan di mana saja. Selain itu, banyak ditemukan kasus di mana dokter melakukan prosedur tanpa mendapat persetujuan dari orang-orang.

Baca Juga: Seperti Apa Peradangan Otak (Ensefalitis) yang Disebabkan Virus Nipah?

 

Efek Samping Lobotomi

Operasi bedah otak merupakan salah satu operasi yang paling berisiko. Otak adalah organ yang berperan dalam berbagai fungsi tubuh sehingga bila terjadi kerusakan, bisa berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kehidupan seseorang. Kerusakan yang terjadi pada otak sering bersifat ireversibel atau tidak bisa dikembalikan seperti dahulu.

Meskipun beberapa pasien lobotomi menunjukkan hasil positif setelah operasi, namun ada juga pasien yang menunjukkan perubahan kepribadian. Beberapa efek samping langsung dan jangka panjang yang dapat terjadi setelah lobotomi antara lain:

  • Pendarahan setelah operasi
  • Infeksi otak dan abses
  • Demensia
  • Epilepsi
  • Gangguan intelektual
  • Muncul perilaku sosial yang tidak pantas
  • Kematian (2%)

Seiring dengan perkembangan penelitian mengenai kesehatan mental, penanganan kesehatan mental saat ini lebih banyak fokus pada penggunaan obat-obatan dan psikoterapi. Prosedur lobotomi yang mengubah jaringan dan bentuk otak secara fisik kini telah banyak ditinggalkan karena dianggap tidak berperikemanusiaan. 

Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan seputar penanganan kesehatan mental sebaiknya konsultasikan ke dokter. Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Rabu, 29 November 2023 | 17:17

Mehta, P. (2022). What is Lobotomy?, Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-lobotomy

West, M. (2023). What is a lobotomy? Uses, history, and more. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-a-lobotomy

Yetman, D,. (2022). Lobotomy Overview. Available from; https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-lobotomy

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      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5235 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5235
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10082 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10082
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 5795
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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