Mengenal Alergi Obat

Mengenal Alergi Obat
Credits: Freepik

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Ketika berkunjung ke dokter untuk mendapatkan pemeriksaan dan pengobatan, dokter akan selalu bertanya, "apakah Anda memiliki alergi obat?" Pertanyaan tersebut adalah salah satu pertanyaan penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan pengobatan. Mengetahui adanya riwayat alergi obat akan membantu dokter meresepkan obat yang tidak akan memicu reaksi alergi Anda.

 

Apa itu Alergi Obat?

Alergi obat adalah reaksi alergi yang muncul terhadap obat tertentu. Sistem kekebalan yang biasanya melawan infeksi dan penyakit, bereaksi dan menganggap obat sebagai zat asing yang perlu dilawan. Akibatnya setelah minum obat tertentu akan muncul reaksi alergi seperti ruam, demam, hingga kesulitan bernapas.

Tidak semua orang mengalami alergi obat, sesungguhnya kondisi ini jarang namun tetap harus diwaspadai karena efeknya bisa beragam.

 

Gejala Umum Alergi Obat

Alergi obat seringkali muncul dalam waktu satu jam setelah obat diminum. Reaksinya bisa berjam-jam, berhari-hari atau berminggu-minggu. Tanda dan gejala yang muncul saat alergi obat di antaranya:

  • Ruam kulit
  • Gatal-gatal
  • Demam
  • Pembengkakan di area tertentu, misalnya mata, bibir
  • Sesak napas
  • Pilek
  • Mata gatal dan berair

 

Reaksi Alergi Anafilaksis

Reaksi alergi yang membahayakan jiwa (reaksi anafilaksis) setelah minum obat jarang dilaporkan, namun Anda bisa tetap mewaspadainya dengan memperhatikan munculnya gejala-gejala berikut setelah minum obat tertentu:

  • Penyempitan saluran pernapasan yang memicu kesulitan bernapas
  • Mual, muntah, dan kram perut
  • Pusing dan kepala terasa ringan
  • Detak jantung melemah dan tidak teratur
  • Penurunan tekanan darah
  • Kejang
  • Kehilangan kesadaran

 

Jenis-Jenis Obat yang Dapat Menyebabkan Reaksi Alergi

Walaupun sebenarnya semua obat berpotensi menyebabkan reaksi alergi, namun dilaporkan bahwa jenis-jenis obat inilah yang paling sering menyebabkan reaksi alergi, di antaranya:

  • Antibiotik seperti amoksisilin, ampisilin, penisilin, tetrasiklin, dan lainnya
  • NSAID seperti ibuprofen dan naproxen
  • Aspirin
  • Obat-obatan kemoterapi
  • Terapi antibodi monoklonal
  • Obat HIV
  • Insulin
  • Obat antikejang

Obat lainnya juga dapat menyebabkan reaksi alergi apabila dikonsumsi dengan cara yang tidak sesuai dengan petunjuk pemakaian atau resep, digosokkan ke kulit atau diminum berlebihan dari dosis yang telah ditentukan.

 

Apa yang Harus Dilakukan Bila Mengalami Reaksi Alergi Setelah Minum Obat?

  • Reaksi alergi sekecil apapun seperti ruam kemerahan, hidung berair atau mata bengkak tidak boleh disepelekan dan diabaikan. Anda harus mencatat dan mengingat dengan benar jenis obat apa yang telah Anda minum dan menyebabkan reaksi alergi tersebut.
  • Ceritakan pada dokter tentang riwayat dan jenis obat yang menyebabkan Anda mengalami reaksi alergi kapan pun saat Anda berobat. Pertimbangkan untuk menggunakan kalung atau gelang yang dapat mengidentifikasi risiko alergi terhadap obat tertentu ketika Anda mengalami keadaan darurat.
  • Tanyakan pada dokter obat jenis apa yang harus dihindari apabila memiliki reaksi alergi tertentu terhadap obat, dan jenis obat apa yang harus diminum agar tidak menyebabkan reaksi alergi.
  • Hindari mengonsumsi obat yang sama apabila Anda memiliki riwayat alergi terhadap obat tersebut. Dokter wajib tahu dan mengganti dengan obat lain yang tidak menyebabkan reaksi alergi.

Ketika mengalami reaksi alergi setelah mengonsumsi obat tertentu, sebaiknya kembali kunjungi dokter dan ceritakan pengalaman Anda. Dokter akan membantu memberikan obat untuk meredakan reaksi alerginya, seperti antihistamin untuk meredakan gejala alergi, kortikosteroid untuk membantu mengatasi pembengkakan atau penyempitan saluran pernapasan akibat reaksi alergi, atau bronkodilator untuk membantu mengatasi mengi dan kesulitan bernapas.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Kamis, 13 April 2023 | 19:56

The healthline editorial team (2018). What Is a Drug Allergy?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/drug-allergy

Mayo Clinic (2020). Drug allergy. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371835

WebMD (2020). Common Drugs That Cause Allergies. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/allergies/most-common-drugs-that-cause-allergies

Cleveland Clinic (2016). Medication Allergies. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8621-medication-allergies

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      Bindings
      • 0: 1104
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 10140
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9603
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\User
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