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Mengenal Adenovirus 41 yang Diduga Menyebabkan Hepatitis Misterius pada Anak

Mengenal Adenovirus 41 yang Diduga Menyebabkan Hepatitis Misterius pada Anak
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Negara-negara di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia menjadi lebih waspada sejak adanya laporan pada 15 April 2022 tentang kasus hepatitis akut yang tidak diketahui penyebabnya pada anak-anak. Sejak saat itu pula setiap hari ditemukan laporan baru dari berbagai negara dengan dugaan hepatitis akut pada anak.

Hingga hari ini, kasusnya masih menjadi misteri karena belum diketahui jelas penyebab dan bagaimana penyakit ini dapat menyebar di berbagai negara.

 

Tentang Hepatitis Akut

Hepatitis sendiri sebenarnya adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan peradangan hati. Peradangan hati ini sebenarnya dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal, termasuk virus, penyalahgunaan alkohol, kelainan genetik tertentu, sistem kekebalan tubuh yang terlalu aktif, paparan bahan kimia atau obat-obatan tertentu.

Hepatitis akut lebih sering disebabkan oleh infeksi virus, namun pada kasus hepatitis misterius pada anak, tidak ditemukan virus yang banyak menyebabkan hepatitis seperti HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV maupun HEV.

Menurut IDAI, anak-anak yang dilaporkan mengalami hepatitis akut, menunjukkan gejala sebagai berikut:

  • Penurunan kesadaran
  • Demam tinggi atau riwayat demam
  • Perubahan warna urine (gelap) dan/atau feses (pucat)
  • Kuning (jaundice)
  • Gatal
  • Nyeri sendi atau pegal-pegal
  • Demam tinggi
  • Mual, muntah, atau nyeri perut
  • Lesu, dan atau hilang nafsu makan
  • Diare
  • Enzim hati AST atau ALT lebih dari 500 U/L

Dari pemeriksaan laboratorium, tidak ditemukan virus hepatitis A, B, C, D dan E. Namun, pada beberapa kasus justru ditemukan SARS-Cov-2 dan atau adenovirus.

 

Apa Itu Adenovirus?

Sementara ini, WHO menyimpulkan bahwa adenovirus menjadi penyebab yang mendasari hepatitis akut yang tidak diketahui etiologinya pada anak-anak. Infeksi adenovirus tipe 41 diduga sebagai tipe adenovirus yang melatarbelakangi gejala yang dirasakan anak-anak.

Adenovirus adalah patogen umum yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada manusia. Mereka menyebar dari orang ke orang dan paling sering menyebabkan gejala pernapasan ringan. Ada lebih dari 50 jenis adenovirus, dan adenovirus tipe 41 ditemukan pada sebagian anak-anak yang mengalami gejala hepatitis akut.

 

Adenovirus 41 dan Gastroenteritis

Adenovirus 41 atau adenovirus enterik dapat menyebabkan gastroenteritis pada anak-anak yang ditandai dengan adanya diare, muntah, demam dan sering disertai gejala pernapasan. Pada satu penelitian yang dilakukan di Thailan dari tahun 2011 sampai 2017, adenovirus serotipe 40 dan 41 adalah penyebab gastroenteritis tersering pada anak-anak.

Gastroenteritis adalah kondisi yang menyebabkan iritasi dan peradangan pada lambung dan usus (saluran pencernaan). Gastroenteritis lebih sering menyerang anak-anak karena anak-anak memiliki kekebalan tubuh yang belum matang. Infeksi ini juga dapat terjadi apabila sekelompok anak-anak tinggal di lingkungan yang sama, di mana banyak kemungkinan dan kesempatan penularan lebih cepat menyebar luas.

Gejala gastroenteritis yang umumnya muncul di antaranya:

  • Diare
  • Mual
  • Muntah
  • Kram perut
  • Demam ringan, berkisar antara 37,7 derajat Celcius

Tergantung pada penyebabnya, gejala gastroenteritis umumnya berlangsung selama 1-2 hari atau juga bisa berlangsung hingga 14 hari.

 

Mencegah Penularan Adenovirus

Adenovirus umumnya menyebar dari orang satu ke orang yang lain dengan cara:

  • Kontak langsung saat berjabat tangan atau bersentuhan
  • Bersin atau batuk yang tidak ditutup
  • Menyentuh permukaan benda yang terpapar adenovirus kemudian memegang mulut, hidung, mata tanpa mencuci tangan dengan sabun terlebih dahulu
  • Adenovirus juga dapat menyebar melalui air, seperti di kolam renang

Untuk mencegah penyebaran virus tersebut, Anda dianjurkan untuk sering mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air bersih, menghindari menyentuh mata, hidung dan mulut sebelum mencuci tangan, menggunakan masker saat bepergian, mematuhi etika batuk dan tidak menggunakan alat makan bersama orang lain. Apabila gejala-gejala di atas Anda temukan pada anak, maka sebaiknya tidak menunda memeriksakan anak ke fasilitas kesehatan terdekat sebelum gejalanya berkembang memburuk.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 15:36

WHO (2022). Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376

CDC (2022). Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children — Alabama, October 2021–February 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7118e1.htm

Stöppler, MC. Adenovirus. Available from: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/adenovirus/article_em.htm#what_is_an_adenovirus

Wedro, B. Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) In Children and Adults. Available from: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gastroenteritis/article_em.htm

John Hopkins Medicine. Hepatitis in Children. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis-in-children

PAHO (2022). Q&A - Acute severe hepatitis in children. Available from: https://www.paho.org/en/news/3-5-2022-qa-acute-severe-hepatitis-children

Mayo Clinic (2022). Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847

Panduan IDAI (2022). Panduan Kewaspadaan Dini Hepatitis Akut yang Belum Diketahui Penyebabnya. 

Kumthip, K., et al. (2019). Enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in Thailand, 2011 to 2017. Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6675392/

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