Leishmaniasis dan Tripanosomiasis

Leishmaniasis dan Tripanosomiasis

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Definisi

Leishmaniasis dan tripanosomiasis adalah kelompok penyakit tropis yang terabaikan atau neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), yang disebabkan oleh infeksi parasit protozoa Leishmania spp. dan Trypanosoma spp. Penyakit ini menyerang manusia dan hewan di area tropis dan subtropis.

Dahulu penyakit ini terbatas hanya pada area tertentu, namun sekarang telah menyebar ke seluruh dunia akibat migrasi manusia, perubahan iklim, dan perubahan antropogenik.

 

Penyebab

Tripanosomiasis memiliki dua bentuk:

  • Penyakit tidur (sleeping sickness) di Afrika, merupakan penyakit yang mengancam nyawa. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh dua subspesies Trypanosoma brucei, yaitu brucei gambiense (gHAT) dan T. brucei rhodesiense (rHAT). Tripanosoma ini disebarkan melalui gigitan lalat tsetse. Selain melalui vektor (hewan pembawa), penyebaran penyakit dengan cara lain juga telah dilaporkan, termasuk melalui kontak seksual, paparan insiden di laboratorium, bawaan lahir, dan transfusi darah.
  • Penyakit Chagas di Amerika Selatan, yang disebabkan oleh Trypanosoma cruzei, yang menyebar lewat kepik Reduviidae. Saat ini, penyakit ini endemis di 21 negara Amerika Latin. Selain melalui kepik, penyebaran infeksi telah diketahui dapat terjadi melalui oral (menelan makanan yang terkontaminasi feses serangga yang mengandung parasit), serta melalui plasenta, menyusui, transplantasi organ, dan transfusi darah.

Leishmaniasis disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa Leishmania spp., yang ditemukan di seluruh belahan dunia yaitu hampir di 100 negara. Parasit ini disebarkan melalui gigitan sandflies betina. Penyakit ini endemis di Asia, Afrika, Amerika, dan regio Mediterania.

 

Faktor Risiko

Penyakit leishmaniasis dan tripanosomiasis sangat berkaitan dengan faktor lingkungan dan sosioekonomi. Ketiga penyakit tersebut sudah jelas berkaitan dengan kemiskinan.

 

Gejala

Fase akut penyakit Chagas, dimana gejala muncul dengan cepat, dimulai dalam 2 minggu setelah parasit masuk kedalam tubuh. Gejala yang muncul mirip dengan gejala penyakit lain yang umum, seperti:

  • Demam ringan
  • Nafsu makan berkurang
  • Nyeri kepala
  • Diare
  • Pembengkakan kelopak mata yang tidak nyeri

Fase kronis (jangka panjang) penyakit Chagas dapat tidak menimbulkan gejala sehingga tidak terdeteksi. Namun, gejala dapat terjadi jika terdapat gangguan pada otot jantung dan saluran pencernaan, dengan angka kematian dari 0.2 sampai 20%. Jika terdapat kelainan pada jantung, maka dapat timbul gejala seperti detak jantung yang cepat dan berdebar-debar, sesak napas, pusing, bahkan pingsan.

Penyakit tidur terjadi dalam 2 fase yaitu fase awal dan lanjutan. Gejala awal infeksi ini tidak spesifik, meliputi nyeri sendi, nyeri kepala, dan kelelahan. Namun, seiring berkembangnya penyakit, akan timbul gejala yang lebih berat seperti:

  • Pembesaran hati
  • Pembesaran kelenjar getah bening
  • Pembesaran limpa
  • Nyeri dada
  • Sesak napas

Saat parasit sudah melewati selaput otak, maka penderita akan mengalami gejala saraf seperti:

  • Mengantuk di siang hari
  • Insomnia pada malam hari
  • Bicara tidak jelas
  • Nyeri otot, kelemahan otot
  • Kehilangan keseimbangan
  • Gangguan penglihatan

Pada akhirnya, penyakit akan berkembang menjadi penurunan kesadaran, koma, kejang, dan akhirnya kematian.

 

Gejala leishmaniasis dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu:

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) yang menimbulkan gejala pada kulit. Gejala utamanya adalah bercak kecil kemerahan pada lokasi gigitan lalat sandfly, yang berkembang menjadi benjolan yang akan membentuk luka. Terapi atau kesembuhan spontan akan meninggalkan bekas luka kulit seumur hidup. Jika gejala menyebar ke bagian tubuh lain atau bahkan ke seluruh tubuh, maka hal ini sulit diterapi dan tidak dapat sembuh sendiri
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) yang menimbulkan gejala pada selaput lendir dan kulit. Parasit dapat menyebar ke jaringan selaput lendir melalui saluran getah bening atau darah. Tanda MCL adalah luka pada selaput lendir hidung, pembentukan lubang pada septum hidung (bagian tengah hidung), yang tidak dapat sembuh sendiri dan sulit untuk diterapi. Luka ini rentan mengalami infeksi bakteri.
  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) atau yang disebut juga dengan kala-azar, yang menyebabkan penyakit pada organ dalam. Gejalanya meliputi demam yang tidak teratur, penurunan berat badan, pembesaran limpa, pembesaran hati, pembesaran kelenjar getah bening, dan anemia (ditandai dengan pucat, lemas, pusing, sulit konsentrasi)

 

Diagnosis

Diagnosis leishmaniasis dan triponomiasis dapat ditegakkan dari tanda dan gejala yang ada, serta beberapa pemeriksaan seperti:

  • Pemeriksaan mikroskopis untuk mencari parasit pada sampel jaringan penderita
  • Kultur untuk menumbuhkan parasit pada media laboratorium
  • Real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) menemukan DNA parasit
  • Serologi untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi terhadap parasit
  • Deteksi antigen parasit

Dokter dapat menggunakan beberapa metode diagnostik untuk mendeteksi infeksi akibat jumlah parasit pada sampel sedikit.

 

Tata Laksana

Saat ini, obat-obatan yang digunakan untuk menangani penyakit ini memiliki efikasi yang terbatas, toksisitas tinggi, biaya yang relatif tinggi, ketersediaan yang terbatas, dan resistensi obat yang semakin meningkat.

Terapi untuk penyakit Chagas hanya bergantung pada dua obat yaitu benznidazole dan nifurtimox, dimana keduanya dikonsumsi melalui mulut. Obat ini dapat menyembuhkan atau mengurangi efek parasit secara signifikan pada 60-85% kasus akut. Namun, obat ini relatif tidak efektif pada stadium kronis. Namun, obat ini tetap ditawarkan baik pada fase akut maupun kronis karena obat ini dapat menghambat perkembangan penyakit. Transplantasi jantung menjadi pilihan terapi untuk penyakit Chadas stadium akhir.

Terapi untu penyakit tidur sangat bergantung pada stadium penyakitnya. Pilihan obat terdiri dari pentamidine, suramin, eflornithine, nifurtimox, dan melarsoprol.

Berbeda dengan Trypanosomiasis Amerika, terapi untuk leishmaniasis terdiri dari pilihan obat yang lebih luas. Namun, efikasi dan pilihan obat akan sangat bergantung pada spesies yang menginfeksi. Pilihan terapi yang ada antara lain pentavalen antimonials, amfoterisin B, liposomal amfoterisin B,, paromomisin. pentamidine isethionate, dan miltefosine.

 

Komplikasi

Tidak ada keterkaitan langsung antara leishmaniasis dan tripanosomiasis dengan kelainan ginjal, meskipun pernah terjadi pada model eksperimen. Kerusakan ginjal dapat terjadi, terutama sebagai akibat dari gagal organ multipel pada tripanosomiasis Afrika.

Meskipun sangat jarang, beberapa orang dapat mengalami infeksi akut penyakit Chagas yang agresif, yang umumnya ditandai dengan peradangan otot jantung, peradangan selaput otak dan otak, atau keduanya, yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Kelainan otot jantung akibat Chagas merupakan penyebab kematian terbanyak pada penderita Chagas akibat gagal jantung, sumbatan pembuluh darah, dan henti jantung.

 

Pencegahan

Tidak ada vaksin manusia atau obat yang tersedia untuk mencegah penyakit akibat kedua organisme tersebut.

Cara terbaik untuk mencegah infeksi adalah dengan melindungi diri dari gigitan serangga. Cara melindungi diri dapat dilakukan dengan meminimalisir aktivitas di luar ruangan pada malam hari, menggunakan pakaian panjang yang menutupi tubuh, dan menggunakan krim penolak serangga pada kulit.

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Jika Anda baru bepergian ke negara endemis atau tinggal di negara tersebut dan mengalami gejala baru, sebaiknya Anda berkonsultasi ke dokter untuk mendapatkan evaluasi dan penanganan yang tepat.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 Juni 2024 | 04:59

(2018) Academic.oup.com. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/book/40212/chapter-abstract/343551572?redirectedFrom=fulltext (Accessed: April 17, 2023). 

Altamura, F. et al. (2020) “The current drug discovery landscape for Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Challenges and strategies to identify drug targets,” Drug Development Research, 83(2), pp. 225–252. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21664. 

 

CDC - Leishmaniasis - resources for Health Professionals (2023) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/health_professionals/index.html#tx (Accessed: April 17, 2023). 

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      • 0: 7
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:751
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#779aicare_prod_new8.57msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 903 where `id` = 6987
      Bindings
      • 0: 903
      • 1: 6987
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new6.83msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 6987, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-11 05:05:58', '2025-04-11 05:05:58')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 6987
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-11 05:05:58
      • 8: 2025-04-11 05:05:58
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new820μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 31 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 31
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.14msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4765 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4765
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 47 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 47
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.85msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 973 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 973
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8797 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8797
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.73msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8630 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8630
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.55msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8533 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8533
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7324 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7324
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new4.83msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3720 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3720
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1991 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1991
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.11msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1954 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1954
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.25msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6640 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6640
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new800μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new570μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new770μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    40Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    22Category.php#?
    App\User
    3User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    3Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
        locale
        id
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        array:1 [ "url" => "https://ai-care.atmatech.id/penyakit-infeksi/leishmaniasis-dan-tripanomiasis" ...
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        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        path_info
        /penyakit-infeksi/leishmaniasis-dan-tripanomiasis
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        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
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        []
        
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        []
        
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:2 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "POhFtFf8nP29RdIo0DJLLIODwtq40WvuJekxtM14" "laravel_session" => "NNkav1DukQefHwHhiYbRQlOpTJFaed9fX6zBMst0" ]
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