Pemantauan Fenitoin

Pemantauan Fenitoin
Ilustrasi sampel darah pemeriksaan. Credit: Freepik.

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Definisi

Fenitoin adalah obat yang digunakan sebagai obat antikonvulsan atau antikejang, banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan kondisi medis seperti kejang serta status epileptikus. Selain itu, fenitoin sebelumnya juga digunakan dalam pengobatan antiaritmia dan penanganan dalam keracunan fenitoin dan antidepresan trisiklik walaupun sekarang sudah tidak dilanjutkan.

Bila kadar fenitoin terlalu rendah di dalam darah, gejala kejang dapat muncul kembali sedangkan bila kadar fenitoin terlalu tinggi di dalam darah dapat terjadi toksisitas dan efek samping lainnya. Pemantauan ini membantu dokter dalam menentukan dosis yang diberikan dalam rentang yang dapat diterima secara umum.

Rentang terapeutik adalah jumlah fenitoin yang dibutuhkan untuk mengendalikan kejang pasien dengan efek samping yang kecil. Rentang terapeutik fenitoin sangat diperlukan untuk memastikan tingkat terapeutik dan tingkatan nontoksik selama penggunaan obat tersebut. Pada pasien dengan usia lanjut, mereka mungkin lebih sensitif dengan obat ini sehingga memerlukan dosisi obat yang lebih kecil.

 

Indikasi

Pemantauan obat ini dilakukan untuk memastikan dosis fenitoin yang diberikan sudah sesuai dalam rentang terapeutik yang dibutuhkan oleh pasien. Anda akan menerima pemeriksaan ini terutama pada pemberian obat pertama lalu secara teratur selama pengobatan. Anda mungkin melakukan peeriksaan ulang bila obat yang telah Anda konsumsi kurang efektif dalam mengendalikan kejang Anda atau ada tambahan atau perubahan pada pengbatan Anda.

 

Kontraindikasi

Tidak ada kontraindikasi khusus terkait pemantauan obat fenitoin. Semua pasien bisa melakukan pemeriksaan ini.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Tidak ada persiapan khusus pada pemantauan obat fenitoin. Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter terkait obat-obatan yang Anda konsumsi sebelum pemeriksaan.

Pemeriksaan ini tidak mewajibkan Anda puasa sebelumnya. Hindari konsumsi alkohol karena dapat meningkatkan hasil pemeriksaan fenitoin di dalam darah. Informasikan pada dokter bila Anda mengalami gangguan ginjal atau hati untuk mengetahui jumlah atau penyesuaian dosis yang akan digunakan. 

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Pemantauan obat fenitoin umumnya menggunakan sampel serum darah sebanyak 0,25-0,5 ml. Sampel serum darah ini diambil dari pembuluh darah vena dan akan dikumpulkan ke dalam tabung khusus. Petugas laboratorium akan memakai sarung tangan khusus dan APD (Alat Pelindung Diri) saat mengambil sampel pemeriksaan.

Sebelum mengambil darah, petugas akan memasang pita elastis dan membersihkan area penusukan jarum dengan kasa antiseptik. Biasanya petugas mengambil darah di area lipatan siku. Setelah darah diambil dan dimasukkan ke dalam tabung khusus, petugas akan melepas pita elastis yang terpasang, menekan dan membersihkan area penusukan dengan kasa antiseptik.

Prosedur pemeriksaan ini hanya berlangsung selama beberapa menit saja. Sampel darah yang telah didapatkan akan diperiksa menggunakan mesin khusus di laboratorium. Hasil pemeriksaan bisa diketahui dalam kurun waktu beberapa jam.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Dosis terapeutik normal dari fenitoin untuk orang dewasa berada diantara 10 sampai 20 սg/mL (atau 40-80 mmol/L). Namun, perlu diperhatikan bila pasien memiliki gangguan organ seperti hati dan ginjal, maka perlu menurunkan dosis dari rentang terapeutik tersebut. Selain itu, pengaturan rentang terapeutik dosis sebaiknya didasarkan pada gejala klinis yang muncul.  Bila di bawah rentang terapeutik, maka akan muncul gejala kembali karena kurang dapat memberikan efek, sedangkan bila di atas rentang terapeutik akan memberikan gejala overdosis.

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Hasil pemeriksaan dapat bervariasi bergantung pada usia, jenis kelamin, riwayat kesehatan dan lainnya. Hasil pemantauan obat Anda juga bergantung pada laboratorium dimana Anda menjalankan pemeriksaan. Bila hasil pemeriksaan pemantauan fenitoin Anda dalam rentang normal, dokter akan mempertahankan dosis fenitoin yang sudah diberikan saat ini sehingga obat dapat memberikan efek sesuai dengan kebutuhan Anda.

Bila hasil pemantauan fenitoin dengan nilai lebih tinggi dari normal dapat disertai adanya gejala seperti keracunan dapat menandakan adanya gejala keracunan fenitoin sehingga Anda perlu menurunkan pemberian dosis fenitoin. Pada pasien dengan gangguan hati serta lanjut usia mungkin memerlukan penyesuaian dosis lebih rendah dari rentang normal karena rentan akan mengalami toksisitas. Hal ini disebabkan fenitoin terikat kuat dengan protein dan ketika ikatan protein berkurang akan terjadi peningkatan jumlah fenitoin yang tidak terikat.

Bila hasil pemantauan obat dengan nilai lebih rendah dari normal dapat disertai adanya gejala seperti kejang yang masih berlanjut walau sudah mengonsumsi obat menandakan bahwa pemberian fenitoin kurang dari dosis terapeutik sehingga kurang memberikan efek terapi. Anda perlu meningkatkan dosis fenitoin sehingga dapat masuk ke dalam rentang terapeutik. 

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Bila hasil pemantauan obat fenitoin Anda menunjukkan hasil tidak masuk dalam rentang terapeutik yang diharapkan serta masih ada gejala yang tidak diinginkan, Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter umum untuk mendapatkan diagnosis dan terapi yang sesuai. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh faktor lainnya seperti obat-obatan, gaya hidup atau usia. Bila diperlukan, Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam kondisi Anda.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Phenytoin Monitoring. (2021). Retrieved 16 January 2023, from https://www.sps.nhs.uk/monitorings/phenytoin-monitoring/#:~:text

Phenytoin : A Guide to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. (2013). Retrieved 16 January 2023, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/201010581302200307

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. (2021). Retrieved 16 January 2023, from https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/therapeutic-drug-monitoring/

Phenytoin. (2023). Retrieved 16 January 2023, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=phenytoin#:~:text

Phenytoin. (2022). Retrieved 16 January 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551520/ 

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      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new870μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 43 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 43
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.38msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6429 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6429
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.22msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3653 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3653
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.59msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6781 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6781
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.65msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6631 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6631
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.7msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9979 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9979
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9648 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9648
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.54msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9057 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9057
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 1916
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 2172
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.04msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1823 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1823
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.61msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1922 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1922
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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