Waspadai Racun Alami yang Terkandung Dalam Makanan

Waspadai Racun Alami yang Terkandung Dalam Makanan

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Racun alami adalah jenis racun yang terkandung dalam tanaman. Racun ini dibentuk secara alami sebagai pertahanan diri untuk menghindar dari gangguan predator, atau sebagai respon terhadap cuaca. Racun ini tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman itu sendiri, namun berbahaya bagi manusia atau hewan yang mengonsumsinya.

Racun alami ini juga bisa ditemukan pada alga dan plankton berukuran mikroskopis dan plankton di samudera. Racun tersebut tidak berbahaya bagi ikan atau kerang yang hidup di sana, namun ketika manusia memakan ikan yang telah terpapar atau mengandung racun tersebut, manusia bisa menjadi sakit. Reaksi keracunan makanan yang bisa timbul mulai dari sakit perut, diare, reaksi alergi, sampai kematian.

Menurut WHO, ada beberapa jenis racun alami yang sering ditemukan dan bisa membahayakan kesehatan kita, yaitu:

Aquatic biotoxins

Racun ini ditemukan dalam alga yang tumbuh di laut atau perairan tawar dan dikenal sebagai algal toxins. Racun ini bisa mengkontaminasi air minum, kerang, dan ikan, walaupun hewan kerang lebih mungkin mengandung racun ini dibandingkan ikan. Racun alga tidak berbau, tidak memiliki rasa, dan tidak bisa dinetralkan dengan cara dimasak maupun dibekukan. Apabila manusia memakan kerang atau ikan yang mengandung racun alga ini, bisa timbul gejala seperti diare, muntah, kesemutan, kelumpuhan, dan efek lainnya.

Cyanogenic glycosides

Cyanogenic glycosides yang disebut juga phytotoxin, adalah sejenis bahan kimia yang diproduksi tanaman dan dapat ditemukan pada lebih dari 2000 jenis tanaman. Racun ini bisa ditemukan pada singkong, sorgum, buah-buahan berbiji keras, rebung, dan kacang almond. Gejala keracunan sianida akut yang dapat timbul adalah pernafasan cepat, penurunan tekanan darah, pusing, sakit kepala, muntah, diare, sakit perut, sianosis, kejang, koma, dan bahkan kematian. Kematian terjadi bila tingkat keracunan dari kadar sianida melebihi batas yang bisa di-detoksifikasi manusia.

Furocoumarins

Racun ini bisa ditemukan pada aneka tanaman yang berdaun mirip peterseli seperti wortel, seledri, keluarga jeruk dan beberapa tanaman herbal. Racun ini dapat menciptakan senyawa yang biasa dilepaskan sebagai respon tanaman terhadap stres (luka pada tanaman). Pada invididu yang rentan dan karena konsumsi sayuran di atas dalam jumlah yang banyak, senyawa racun ini dapat menyebabkan masalah saluran cerna, dan juga dapat menyebabkan reaksi kulit yang berbahaya di bawah sinar matahari karena sifatnya yang phototoxic.

Lectins

Racun ini bisa ditemukan pada kacang-kacangan. Kacang merah memiliki kandungan lektin paling tinggi. Racun ini bisa menyebabkan sakit perut parah, mual muntah dan diare. Lektin bisa dihancurkan dengan mengeringkan kacang atau merendamnya selama 12 jam dan merebus selama 10 menit di air mendidih.

Mycotoxins

Racun yang berwujud seperti jamur. Racun ini sering tumbuh pada makanan seperti sereal, kacang-kacangan, buah yang dikeringkan dan bumbu. Tumbuh lebih cepat di udara lembab dan hangat. Keracunan mycotoxin dapat menyebabkan sakit parah dan kematian.

Solanines dan chaconine

Solanine dan chaconine adalah racun yang bisa ditemukan di tomat, kentang, dan terong. Tanaman ini menghasilkan racun sebagai respon terhadap stres yang dialami tanaman (luka, cahaya UV, serangan mikroorganisme dan hama). Racun ini biasanya ditemukan pada bagian buah yang berkecambah. Dalam jumlah yang sedikit racun ini tidak berbahaya, namun dalam jumlah besar dapat menyebabkan keracunan. 

Jamur beracun

Jamur beracun bisa tumbuh di mana saja, apabila memakannya dapat menyebabkan muntah, diare, kebingungan, pandangan berkunang-kunang, air liur menetes tak berhenti, dan halusinasi. Keracunan berat dapat menyebabkan gangguan ginjal dan sistem saraf.

Untuk mencegah keracunan, pastikan Anda memilih bahan makanan dengan baik. Hindari memilih dan mengonsumsi umbi-umbian yang telah berkecambah dan simpan di tempat sejuk. Selain itu, pastikan untuk mengonsumsi makanan dengan memasaknya sampai matang terlebih dahulu. Jangan lupa mencuci tangan dengan air mengalir dan sabun hingga bersih sebelum dan sesudah memasak atau makan.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • Editor AI Care
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 15:34

Selner M. Food Poisoning. Healthline (2019). Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/food-poisoning

Natural toxins in food. WHO (2018). Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/natural-toxins-in-food

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.87msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3402 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.91msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4108 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.06msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9877 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • 0: 9877
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.17msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9539 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Bindings
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      App\Models\Admin\Post
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      App\Models\Admin\Category
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      App\Models\Admin\Tag
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      App\User
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          #12025-04-14 23:57:00GET/nutrisi/waspada-racun-alami-yang-terkandung-dalam-makanan113379