Mengenal Apa Itu Stunting dan Penyebabnya

Mengenal Apa Itu Stunting dan Penyebabnya

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Stunting masih menjadi permasalahan gizi yang banyak dialami di Indonesia. Dilansir dari laman WHO, stunting secara global memengaruhi sekitar 162 juta anak di bawah usia 5 tahun. Stunting merupakan permasalahan serius pada anak karena merupakan salah satu hambatan paling signifikan bagi perkembangan manusia. 

 

Apa itu stunting?

Menurut definisi dari WHO, stunting merupakan gangguan tumbuh kembang anak yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan anak kurang dari standar WHO atau kurang jika dibandingkan anak-anak seumurannya. 

Anak dapat dikatakan stunting ketika panjang atau tinggi badannya menunjukkan angka di bawah -2 standar deviasi yang telah ditetapkan oleh WHO. Orang tua perlu waspada jika kondisi ini terjadi di bawah usia 2 tahun. Semakin cepat deteksi stunting pada anak, semakin cepat penanganan stunting dan perbaikan gizi pada anak sehingga anak dapat tumbuh dengan optimal.

Stunting pada anak dapat berdampak secara langsung dan jangka panjang. Dalam jangka pendek, stunting dapat memengaruhi perkembangan otak, kecerdasan, masalah metabolisme dan gangguan pada pertumbuhan fisik. Sedangkan pada jangka panjang, stunting dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan anak seperti:

  • Masalah perkembangan kognitif pada anak
  • Daya tahan tubuh menurun
  • Obesitas
  • Penyakit jantung
  • Kesulitan belajar

 

Penyebab stunting

Stunting dapat disebabkan oleh masalah yang kompleks mulai dari asupan nutrisi sejak kehamilan hingga pemenuhan nutrisi anak dalam 1000 hari pertama. Menurut WHO, penyebab langsung dari stunting adalah nutrisi yang tidak memadai pada ibu dan anak. Kondisi ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, di antaranya:

1. Status gizi ibu

Stunting dapat terjadi sejak bayi masih berada dalam kandungan. Ibu hamil yang tidak mendapat asupan gizi yang baik menyebabkan nutrisi dan pertumbuhan anak dalam kandungan terhambat dan terus berlanjut hingga setelah kelahiran. 

Ketidakmampuan ibu hamil memenuhi gizi selama hamil ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor seperti kondisi kesejahteraan keluarga, gaya hidup, hingga kondisi kesehatan ibu hamil secara keseluruhan termasuk kesehatan mental ibu hamil. 

2. Anak tidak mendapat gizi yang cukup

Selain asupan gizi ibu hamil, stunting juga dapat disebabkan oleh asupan gizi yang buruk saat anak berusia batita. Praktik menyusui yang kurang tepat, bayi yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif hingga praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI yang minim nutrisi juga dapat menyebabkan anak mengalami stunting. 

3. Infeksi berulang

Penyakit infeksi baik infeksi enterik (diare, enteropati lingkungan dan cacing), infeksi pernapasan, malaria, nafsu makan berkurang karena infeksi dan peradangan diyakini terkait dengan kondisi stunting pada anak. Meskipun sejumlah penelitian tidak merinci hubungan antara infeksi berulang dengan stunting namun anak yang mengalami infeksi pencernaan seperti diare pada usia 6-59 bulan terutama di daerah pedesaan rentan mengalami stunting.

4. Faktor ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan

Selain faktor kesehatan ibu dan anak, faktor lingkungan seperti kurangnya akses air bersih dan sanitasi, minimnya akses ke layanan kesehatan, minimnya edukasi di masyarakat mengenai kesehatan, hingga dukungan dan kesejahteraan keluarga juga dapat menjadi faktor eksternal penyebab stunting.

 

Stunting pada anak bukan hanya masalah nutrisi, namun juga permasalahan multifaktor seperti faktor lingkungan, sosial dan ekonomi. Selain dukungan pemerintah, juga dibutuhkan peran aktif orang tua untuk rutin memeriksakan kondisi kesehatan sejak masa kehamilan dan kondisi tumbuh kembang anak setelah lahir. Apabila tumbuh kembang anak menunjukkan tanda di bawah rata-rata, maka sebaiknya segera konsultasikan ke dokter untuk mendapat penanganan dan perbaikan pola asuh yang tepat untuk mencegah stunting

 

 

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 00:13

Sehat Negeriku Kementerian Kesehatan. (2022). Upaya Ibu Cegah Anak Stunting dan Obesitas. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20220118/2639172/upaya-ibu-cegah-anak-stunting-dan-obesitas/

WHO. (2015). Stunting in a Nutshell. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/19-11-2015-stunting-in-a-nutshell#

Beal, Ty., et al. (2018). A Review of Child Stunting Determinants in Indonesia. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175423/#

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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