Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Makrosomia, Bayi Lahir Lebih dari 4 Kilogram

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Makrosomia, Bayi Lahir Lebih dari 4 Kilogram
Ilustrasi bayi makrosomia. Credits: Freepik

Bagikan :


Berat normal bayi baru lahir, biasanya berkisar 2,5-4 kilogram. Bayi yang memiliki berat badan lebih dari 4 kilogram dianggap memiliki berat badan besar atau dikenal dengan istilah makrosomia.

Ketahui apa saja yang dapat menyebabkan bayi lahir dengan berat badan lebih dari 4 kilogram.

 

Apa itu Makrosomia?

Makrosomia adalah kondisi di mana janin tumbuh lebih besar dari rata-rata. Janin dikatakan makrosomia jika dilahirkan dengan berat badan melebihi 4 kilogram.

Kondisi ini bisa meningkatkan risiko komplikasi pada ibu selama persalinan dan memengaruhi kesehatan bayi setelah lahir. Risiko yang mungkin terjadi pada ibu antara lain:

  • Robeknya perineum
  • Perdarahan berat
  • Robeknya rahim
  • Persalinan yang lama

Selain itu, risiko komplikasi pada bayi meliputi:

  • Perubahan denyut jantung
  • Obesitas 
  • Kadar gula darah tidak normal
  • Permasalahan kesehatan saat dewasa seperti diabetes, hipertensi, dan penyakit metabolik lainnya

Baca Juga: Pengobatan Hipoglikemia Neonatus, Hipoglikemia pada Bayi

 

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Makrosomia

Sulit untuk mengetahui pasti apa menjadi penyebab makrosomia. Namun, para ahli menyimpulkan beberapa penyebab dan faktor risiko inilah yang memicu kondisi makrosomia pada janin.

Diabetes gestasional

Salah satu penyebab makrosomia adalah diabetes gestasional atau diabetes kehamilan. Ini adalah kondisi di mana kadar gula darah ibu meningkat selama kehamilan.

Saat ibu hamil mengalami diabetes gestasional, glukosa darah yang tinggi akan melewati plasenta dan meningkatkan produksi insulin pada bayi. Di sini, insulin bertindak sebagai faktor pertumbuhan yang dapat menyebabkan bayi berkembang lebih besar dari ukuran normalnya.

Obesitas pada ibu

Ibu yang obesitas atau memiliki indeks massa tubuh yang tinggi baik sebelum maupun selama kehamilan, memiliki risiko lebih besar melahirkan bayi makrosomia. Kondisi ini dikaitkan dengan resistensi insulin yang dapat meningkatkan kadar glukosa darah ibu, yang efeknya sama seperti diabetes gestasional.

Kehamilan postterm

Kehamilan postterm dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya makrosomia. Kehamilan ini dapat terjadi ketika usia kehamilan berlangsung lebih dari 42 minggu.

Selama periode ini, janin di dalam rahim akan terus tumbuh dan berat badannya bertambah, yang berakibat pada meningkatnya risiko makrosomia. Bayi yang lahir lebih dari kehamilan postterm cenderung memiliki berat badan lebih besar karena pertumbuhan terus berlangsung di dalam rahim.

Baca Juga: Tanda-Tanda Bayi Baru Lahir Memiliki Penyakit Jantung Bawaan

Riwayat makrosomia

Jika sebelumnya memiliki riwayat melahirkan bayi dengan ukuran besar, maka ini bisa menjadi risiko bagi kehamilan berikutnya. Faktor genetik yang memengaruhi tinggi badan atau ukuran tubuh orang tua juga bisa berperan dalam menentukan berat dan ukuran bayi.

Usia ibu

Hamil di usia lebih dari 35 tahun berisiko lebih tinggi melahirkan bayi makrosomia. Hal ini berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko diabetes kehamilan dan obesitas yang lebih umum dialami ibu dengan usia lanjut.

Jumlah persalinan sebelumnya

Ibu yang telah melahirkan lebih dari satu kali cenderung memiliki bayi dengan berat badan yang lebih besar daripada sebelumnya. Ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan kapasitas rahim yang dapat mendukung pertumbuhan bayi yang lebih besar.

Nutrisi berlebihan

Mengonsumsi kalori berlebihan dan pola makan tidak sehat selama kehamilan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan berat badan ibu dan janin secara signifikan. Apalagi bila selama kehamilan, ibu lebih senang mengonsumsi makanan dan minuman manis atau tinggi lemak.

 

Mengelola kondisi kesehatan ibu selama kehamilan dan pemeriksaan kehamilan rutin dapat mengurangi risiko makrosomia pada janin. Dokter juga dapat mendeteksi tanda-tanda pertumbuhan janin yang tidak normal serta merekomendasikan langkah-langkah pencegahan yang tepat.

Memiliki pertanyaan lain terkait kehamilan? Anda bisa berkonsultasi dengan dokter kami melalui aplikasi Ai Care yang bisa diunduh di App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Selasa, 1 Oktober 2024 | 20:51

MaryAnn De Pietro, CRT (2024). What is the average baby weight by month?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325630 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Fetal macrosomia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Fetal Macrosomia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Gestational diabetes. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339 

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (2021). Obesity in Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2021/06/obesity-in-pregnancy 

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (2021). When Pregnancy Goes Past Your Due Date. Available from: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/when-pregnancy-goes-past-your-due-date 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Advanced Maternal Age. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22438-advanced-maternal-age 

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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