Berbagai Penyebab Bayi Lahir Mati (Stillbirth) dan Pencegahannya

Berbagai Penyebab Bayi Lahir Mati (Stillbirth) dan Pencegahannya
Credit: Freepik

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Stillbirth atau yang juga dikenal dengan istilah IUFD (intrauterine fetal demise) adalah kondisi kematian janin pada usia kehamilan di atas 20 minggu. Belum diketahui dengan pasti penyebab terjadinya stillbirth, namun sejumlah faktor risiko terkait gaya hidup dan kondisi kesehatan ibu dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya stillbirth.

 

Apa Itu Stillbirth?

Stillbirth juga dikenal dengan istilah IUFD (Intrauterine fetal demise), yaitu kondisi kematian janin di dalam kandungan saat usia kandungan memasuki 20 minggu. Stillbirth atau IUFD berbeda dengan keguguran. Pada keguguran, usia kematian janin umumnya kurang dari 20 minggu. Pada stillbirth, janin tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda kehidupan seperti napas dan denyut jantung.

Stillbirth atau lahir mati dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu:

  • Early IUFD, yaitu kematian janin yang terjadi pada usia kehamilan 20-27 minggu
  • Late IUFD, yaitu kematian janin pada usia kehamilan 28-36 minggu
  • Aterm IUFD, yaitu kematan janin pada usia kehamilan lebih dari 37 minggu

 

Baca Juga: Kapan Boleh Hamil Lagi Setelah Keguguran?

 

Tanda-Tanda dan Penyebab Stillbirth

Stillbirth umumnya terjadi tanpa disadari. Tanda-tanda IUFD atau stillbirth adalah gejala yang hanya bisa dirasakan sendiri oleh ibu hamil. Beberapa gejala yang sering dirasakan antara lain nyeri kram perut, nyeri di punggung dan perdarahan dari vagina.

Penyebab stillbirth pun hingga kini belum dapat diketahui dengan pasti. Namun para ahli mengungkapkan ada beberapa faktor risiko yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya stillbirth, yaitu:

 

Infeksi

Salah satu penyebab kematian janin adalah infeksi bakteri. Beberapa jenis infeksi bakteri yang banyak dialami antara lain infeksi rubella, listeria, infeksi bakteri Chlamydia sp., herpes genital hingga sifilis.

 

Lepasnya plasenta

Abruptio plasenta adalah atau terputusnya plasenta dari dinding rahim juga dapat menyebabkan bayi lahir mati. Risiko terjadinya bayi lahir mati juga tergantung dari seberapa besar derajat kerobekan plasenta. Jika robeknya plasenta mencapai lebih dari 50%, kondisi ini juga dapat menyebabkan IUFD atau stillbirth.

 

Baca Juga: Langkah-Langkah yang Bisa Dilakukan Untuk Mencegah Keguguran Spontan

Kondisi kesehatan yang dialami ibu hamil

Ibu hamil yang mengalami masalah kesehatan seperti diabetes dan hipertensi terutama yang tidak terkendali juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kematian janin dalam kandungan.

Kadar gula darah dan tekanan darah yang tinggi memengaruhi kerja organ dan aliran darah ke janin. Jika kondisi ini tidak dikendalikan, janin dapat mengalami kurangnya asupan nutrisi yang mengganggu perkembangannya.

Selain kondisi di atas, ibu hamil yang obesitas dan pernah memiliki riwayat penggunaan zat terlarang, sering minum alkohol juga berisiko mengalami stillbirth. Risiko stillbirth juga dapat dialami oleh janin yang mengalami cacat lahir seperti anensefali.

 

Bisakah Stillbirth Dicegah?

Biasanya kondisi lahir mati tidak dapat dicegah. Kondisi ini sering terjadi karena janin tidak berkembang secara normal. Apabila Anda memiliki risiko mengalami lahir mati, dokter akan merekomendasikan beberapa cara untuk meminimalisir risiko tersebut, di antaranya:

  • Hindari narkoba, merokok dan minum alkohol
  • Monitor gerakan dan tendangan janin di usia 26-28 minggu. Segera periksakan jika pergerakan janin melambat atau semakin kencang
  • Hindari makan makanan yang tidak matang untuk mencegah infeksi
  • Jaga kesehatan
  • Segera periksakan jika mengalami perdarahan

 

Kondisi stillbirth atau bayi lahir mati dapat menyisakan trauma dan kepedihan mendalam bagi ibu. Apabila Anda memiliki risiko mengalami stillbirth sebaiknya lakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan secara teratur. Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi menggunakan aplikasi Ai Care yang menggunakan teknologi artificial intelligence. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Selasa, 16 Mei 2023 | 04:46

NHS. Stillbirth. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stillbirth/

WHO. Stillbirth. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth#tab=tab_1

Cleveland Clinic. Stillbirth. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9685-stillbirth

March of Dimes. Stillbirth. Available from: https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/miscarriage-loss-grief/stillbirth#

Cerebral Palsy Guide. Intrauterine Fetal Demise. Available from: https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/birth-injury/intrauterine-fetal-demise/

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.12msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4629 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.8msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8665 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8665
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.71msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7717 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7717
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.79msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9899 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9899
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 7279
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.5msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3976 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3976
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.1msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1011 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1011
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new730μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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