Bahaya Jarak Kehamilan Terlalu Dekat dengan Risiko Stunting

Bahaya Jarak Kehamilan Terlalu Dekat dengan Risiko Stunting
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Dalam perencanaan keluarga, banyak pasangan hanya fokus pada merencanakan berapa jumlah anak yang akan dimiliki. Namun yang tidak kalah penting adalah merencanakan jarak antara satu kehamilan dengan kehamilan berikutnya. Pasalnya, jarak kehamilan yang terlalu dekat dapat memengaruhi kesehatan fisik dan mental ibu termasuk kesehatan anak, salah satunya adalah stunting.

 

 

Jarak Kehamilan Terlalu Dekat dengan Stunting

Menurut Kepala BKKBN dr. Hasto Wardoyo, Sp.OG (K), salah satu risiko jarak kehamilan yang terlalu dekat  adalah stunting. Dilansir dari WHO, stunting adalah gangguan tumbuh kembang yang dialami anak akibat gizi buruk, infeksi berulang, dan stimulasi psikososial yang tidak memadai. Anak-anak dapat dikatakan mengalami stunting jika tinggi badan menurut usia mereka lebih dari dua standar deviasi di bawah median Standar Pertumbuhan Anak menurut WHO.

Sejumlah penelitian di India mengungkapkan bahwa jarak kehamilan yang terlalu dekat berisiko menyebabkan anak mengalami stunting. Hal ini disebabkan kondisi fisik ibu belum pulih seutuhnya untuk hamil setelah anak pertama.

Setelah persalinan, tubuh ibu membutuhkan waktu untuk mengisi kembali mikronutrien yang dibutuhkan oleh janin. Jika terjadi kehamilan dalam kondisi tersebut, hal ini dapat menyebabkan janin tidak mendapat nutrisi optimal yang dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhannya.

Selain dari kondisi fisik ibu, jarak kehamilan yang terlalu dekat juga berpengaruh pada pola asuh orang tua terhadap anaknya. Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan di Samarinda disebutkan bahwa anak yang yang memiliki jarak kelahiran terlalu dekat (kurang dari 2 tahun dari anak sebelumnya) memiliki risiko stunting hingga 11,65 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan anak yang memiliki jarak lahir lebih dari 2 tahun dengan anak sebelumnya.

Jarak kehamilan kurang dari 2 tahun berisiko menyebabkan pertumbuhan janin yang buruk, anemia dalam kehamilan, persalinan yang berkepanjangan, serta perdarahan pada saat persalinan karena kondisi rahim belum pulih dengan baik. Selain itu, risiko stunting pada kehamilan terlalu dekat juga dipengaruhi oleh gaya hidup ibu seperti tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi dan ibu tidak melakukan pemeriksaan rutin selama kehamilan.

 

Berapa Jarak Kehamilan yang Ideal?

Jarak kehamilan yang terlalu dekat bukan hanya berpengaruh pada kesehatan fisik dan mental ibu, namun juga kondisi kesehatan anak sejak dalam kandungan. Lantas, muncul pertanyaan, berapakah jarak ideal kehamilan agar anak dapat tumbuh dengan optimal?

Dilansir dari Healthline, jarak kehamilan kurang dari 12-18 bulan memiliki risiko keguguran, prematur, kematian, berat badan bayi lahir rendah dan risiko terkena penyakit lainnya. Menurut para ahli, jarak antar kehamilan yang ideal berkisar antara 18-24 bulan dari kelahiran anak sebelumnya.

Apabila persalinan sebelumnya merupakan persalinan sesar, rentang waktu tersebut cukup untuk pemulihan ibu sehingga siap untuk menjalani kehamilan dan persalinan berikutnya. Jarak kehamilan terlalu dekat pada persalinan sesar dapat meningkatkan risiko komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan seperti pemulihan luka yang tidak tuntas, risiko solusio plasenta hingga ruptur uteri.

 

Penggunaan Kontrasepsi untuk Mencegah Stunting

Begitu pentingnya mengatur jarak kehamilan dan dampaknya bagi kondisi kesehatan ibu dan bayi, maka setiap orang tua perlu memahami pentingnya penggunaan alat kontrasepsi pasca persalinan. Penggunaan alat kontrasepsi bertujuan untuk membantu perencanaan keluarga yang matang baik dari segi finansial dan kesehatan keluarga, termasuk mencegah stunting pada anak.

Beberapa alat kontrasepsi terbukti aman untuk ibu menyusui dan bisa segera digunakan setelah persalinan. Dengan demikian, diharapkan penggunaan kontrasepsi dapat membantu mengatur jarak kehamilan yang ideal.

Selain pengaturan jarak kehamilan, orang tua juga dapat mencegah stunting pada anak dengan perbaikan pola makan, pola asuh, serta perbaikan sanitasi dan akses bersih.

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 08:28

WHO. (2015). Stunting in a Nutshell. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/19-11-2015-stunting-in-a-nutshell#

Sehat Negeriku. (2018). Cegah Stunting dengan PErnaikan Pola Makan, Pola Asuh dan Sanitasi. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20180407/1825480/cegah-stunting-dengan-perbaikan-pola-makan-pola-asuh-dan-sanitasi-2/

Jayanti, R., Ernawati, R. (2021). Faktor Jarak Kehamilan yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Harapan Baru Samarinda Seberang. Available from: https://journals.umkt.ac.id/index.php/bsr/article/view/1868

Mayo Clinic. Family Planning: Get the Facts About Pregnancy Spacing. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/family-planning/art-20044072#

Dhingra, S., Pingali, P. (2020). Effects of short birth spacing on birth-order differences in child stunting: Evidence from India. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2017834118

Chungkham, H., Sahoo, H., Marbaniang, S. (2019). Birth interval and childhood undernutrition: Evidence from a large scale survey in India. Available from: https://cegh.net/article/S2213-3984(20)30109-3/pdf

Lindberg, S. (2021). Child Spacing: Is There an Ideal Age Gap Between Children?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/child-spacing-gap-between-children

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.21msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3916 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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