Bahaya Pernikahan Dini bagi Kesehatan Ibu dan Bayi

Bahaya Pernikahan Dini bagi Kesehatan Ibu dan Bayi
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Praktik pernikahan dini masih banyak dijumpai di Indonesia, terutama di kota-kota kecil dan daerah pedesaan. Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia masih beranggapan bahwa menikah di usia muda merupakan tradisi dan sebagai upaya untuk menghindari perzinahan. Namun dari segi kesehatan fisik dan mental pengantin, pernikahan dini justru menyimpan berbagai risiko.

 

Risiko Pernikahan Dini

UNICEF mendeskripsikan pernikahan dini dengan pernikahan resmi maupun tidak resmi yang melibatkan anak-anak yang berusia di bawah 18 tahun. Pernikahan dini dapat terjadi ketika salah satu atau kedua mempelai menikah di rentang usia tersebut. Di Indonesia, sejak ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2019, batas usia minimal untuk menikah adalah 19 tahun bagi mempelai laki-laki maupun perempuan. Jika mempelai belum mencapai usia tersebut maka pernikahan tersebut termasuk pernikahan dini.

Pemerintah Indonesia menaikkan batas minimal usia pernikahan bukan tanpa alasan. Sejumlah penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pernikahan dini menyimpan sejumlah risiko kesehatan baik dari kesehatan fisik maupun kesehatan mental anak. Pernikahan dini juga memicu kehamilan di usia muda yang dapat membahayakan ibu dan janin serta rentan perceraian.

Beberapa bahaya pernikahan diri di antaranya:

 

1. Gangguan kesehatan mental

Pernikahan dini berisiko menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan mental seperti depresi dan kesepian. Pada pernikahan dini, perempuan dituntut untuk segera pindah mengikuti suami dan melakukan kewajibannya sebagai istri. Perubahan drastis ini dapat memicu timbulnya depresi bagi perempuan yang menikah di usia dini.

Dilansir dari UNICEF, pernikahan dini juga merenggut masa kecil anak di mana anak-anak tidak punya kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan sekolah dan melakukan aktivitas layaknya para remaja lainnya. Kondisi inilah yang memicu pasangan pernikahan dini merasa kehilangan masa mudanya sehingga muncul perasaan tertekan dan depresi.

 

2. Risiko tertular penyakit menular seksual dan kanker serviks

Pernikahan muda juga sering dikaitkan dengan penyakit menular seksual dan risiko kanker serviks. Pada kasus pernikahan anak dimana pria berusia lebih tua, pernah menikah sebelumnya dan pernah berhubungan seksual dengan banyak wanita sebelumnya, perempuan memiliki risiko lebih tinggi terkena penyakit menular seksual.

Di sisi lain, minimnya kesadaran untuk menggunakan alat kontrasepsi saat berhubungan seksual juga menyebabkan penularan penyakit seksual pada wanita dan kehamilan di usia muda. Padahal, organ reproduksi perempuan yang belum berkembang sempurna juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terhadap infeksi HIV dan penularan HPV penyebab kanker serviks.

 

3. Komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan

Pernikahan di usia dini erat kaitannya dengan kehamilan di usia muda. Sebuah penelitian dalam jurnal Obstetrics & Gynecology mengungkapkan bahwa perempuan yang menikah di usia remaja memiliki risiko komplikasi kehamilan seperti eklamsia, pendarahan dan sepsis. Kehamilan di usia muda juga memiliki risiko persalinan seperti durasi persalinan lebih lama dan komplikasi persalinan lainnya. Selain itu, bayi yang dilahirkan juga memiliki berbagai masalah kesehatan sehingga mengalami risiko kematian yang cukup tinggi.

 

4. Masalah kesehatan pada bayi

Anak yang dilahirkan dari pernikahan dan kehamilan usia dini juga memiliki risiko lebih tinggi lahir dengan berat badan lahir yang cukup rendah. Dalam sebuah penelitian disebutkan bahwa anak-anak dengan berat badan lahir rendah tersebut memiliki riisko kematian yang lebih tinggi di usia balita. Risiko kematian ini disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, di antaranya kurangnya nutrisi pada ibu dan bayi, ketidakmatangan emosional dan fisik pada ibu, minimnya akses ke layanan sosial dan reproduksi serta risiko penyakit menular. 

Pernikahan dini memiliki risiko bukan hanya bagi kedua mempelai namun juga pada masa depan anak yang kelak dilahirkan. Praktik pernikahan dini di masyarakat perlu ditinjau kembali dari berbagai aspek, termasuk dari faktor ekonomi, kesehatan fisik dan mental serta faktor kedewasaan calon pengantin. Perlu adanya kerja sama dari berbagai pihak untuk menekan angka pernikahan dan mencegah kehamilan di usia dini.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 20:07

UNICEF. Child Marriage. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage

Save the Children. Child Marriage: The Devastating End of Childhood. Available from: https://www.savethechildren.org/us/charity-stories/child-marriage-a-violation-of-child-rights

JDIH BPK RI. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Perkawinan. Available from: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/122740/uu-no-16-tahun-2019

BKKBN. (2020). National Strategy on the Prevention of Child Marriage. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2020-06/National-Strategy-on-Child-Marriage-Prevention-2020.pdf

UNICEF. Preventing Child Marriage. Available from:https://www.unicef.org/eca/what-we-do/child-marriage

Nour N. M. (2009). Child marriage: a silent health and human rights issue. Reviews in obstetrics & gynecology, 2(1), 51–56.

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.93msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8294 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 8294
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.63msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1685 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • 0: 1685
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.86msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 479 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 6152
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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