Teratoma Ovarium

Teratoma Ovarium
Teratoma Ovarium atau kista dermoid merupakan tumor yang tumbuh pada ovarium dan umumnya bersifat jinak.

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Definisi

Teratoma ovarium atau kista dermoid ovarium adalah tumor yang tumbuh pada indung telur dan umumnya bersifat jinak. Meskipun begitu, teratoma ovarium dapat juga bersifat ganas. Semakin lama teratoma ada di dalam tubuh, maka semakin besar kemungkinan teratoma bersifat ganas.

Pada umumnya, teratoma banyak ditemukan di indung telur, testis atau sumsum tulang belakang, tetapi teratoma bisa terjadi pada seluruh bagian tubuh. Teratoma dapat terjadi beberapa jenis jaringan seperti tulang, gigi, otot dan rambut.

Teratoma adalah salah satu tipe tumor sel germinal, yaitu tumor yang berasal dari sel yang berkembang biak. Teratoma ovarium adalah salah satu tumor sel germinal yang paling umum terjadi pada perempuan dibawah usia 45 tahun. Teratoma sendiri sebenarnya tidak memandang usia.

Ada pun beberapa teratoma yang dapat muncul di antaranya:

  • Padat - terbentuk dari jaringan, tetapi tidak tertutup
  • Kistik - terkandung dalam suatu kantung
  • Campuran - memiliki kedua karakteristik dari padat dan kistik

 

Penyebab

Penyebab pasti dari teratoma ovarium masih belum diketahui. Teratoma sendiri terjadi ketika ada komplikasi yang muncul ketika proses diferensisasi sel. Secara khusus, sel tersebut berkembang di dalam sel yang bertumbuh dan tidak dapat berdiferensiasi sehingga sel tersebut dapat berubah menjadi berbagai tipe sel (mulai dari sel telur dan sel sperma hingga sel rambut).

Saat berkembang di dalam rahim, janin berkembang dimulai dari sel germinal yang bergerak ke beberapa lokasi di tubuhnya untuk menjadi sel yang berdiferensiasi seperti sel telur pada indung telur dan sel sperma pada testis, sehingga hal ini juga menjadi kemungkinan salah satu penyebab di mana teratoma umumnya ditemukan di indung telur atau testis dan mengandung beberapa hal seperti rambut, gigi, lilin (wax), minyak dan kulit.

 

Faktor Risiko

Faktor risiko dan penyebab dari teratoma ovarium memang belum diketahui secara pasti, tetapi beberapa ahli telah mengidentifikasi faktor risiko potensial yang dapat menyebabkan teratoma ovarium. Beberapa di antaranya seperti:

  • Penyalahgunaan alkohol
  • Siklus haid yang tidak teratur dan periode haid yang terlambat
  • Pernah mengalami teratoma ovarium
  • Kemandulan
  • Kehamilan yang jarang terjadi

 

Gejala

Gejala utama dari teratoma ovarium adalah rasa nyeri di perut yang intens dan nyeri pada panggul. Hal ini terjadi karena pertumbuhan benjolan melebihi tempatnya dan menekan rahim. Sekitar 6-65% kasus dari teratoma ovarium tidak memiliki gejala. Ada pun gejala yang mungkin muncul seperti:

  • Nyeri (terjadi sekitar 44-47% dari kasus)
  • Adanya pertumbuhan tumor pada perut
  • Gangguan pencernaan
  • Gangguan buang air kecil seperti meningkatnya keinginan untuk buang air kecil

 

Pada beberapa kasus yang langka, teratoma ovarium dapat menyebabkan beberapa gejala seperti:

  • Demam
  • Kelelahan dan kelemahan
  • Nyeri pada perut yang intens

 

Diagnosa

Anda mungkin tidak mengetahui bila memiliki teratoma ovarium hingga diperiksa oleh dokter, dan ditemukan adanya gumpalan pada indung telur. Pada kasus lain, teratoma ditemukan ketika mengalami torsio yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba dengan gejala akut. Ketika dokter mengetahui hal tersebut, dokter akan menyarankan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan untuk mengetahui besar dan lokasi dari teratoma tersebut.

Diagnosis teratoma ovarium dapat ditegakan dengan pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan penunjang seperti pemeriksaan darah untuk memeriksa kadar hormon dan penanda tumor, pemeriksaan radiologi, dan analisis histopatologi serta dokter akan menanyakan beberapa hal terkait gejala yang dirasakan. Pemeriksaan yang disarankan seperti ultrasonografi (USG) transvaginal di mana pemeriksaan ini menggunakan gelombang suara untuk memberikan gambaran bagaimana bentuk dan ukuran dari teratoma tersebut.

 

Tata Laksana

 

Teratoma Ovarium Jinak

Pada kebanyakan kasus teratoma ovarium jinak, dokter dapat mengobati dengan tetap mempertahankan rahim. Pengobatan teratoma memiliki kemungkinan tinggi untuk sembuh dengan diagnosa awal dan pengobatan yang tepat. Akan tetapi, walau dengan kesuksesan pengobatan, teratoma ovarium dapat kembali muncul dalam waktu 2-10 tahun.

Beberapa opsi perawatan untuk teratoma ovarium jinak seperti :

  • Pengawasan. Opsi ini cocok untuk pasien yang hamil atau merencanakan kehamilan dan memiliki ukuran kista yang kecil yang memiliki pertumbuhan lambat.
  • Operasi. Dokter mungkin merekomendasikan operasi laparoskopi untuk pasien dengan usia muda dengan ukuran kista yang kecil. Untuk pasien yang telah melewati usia menopause dengan kista yang banyak, dokter mungkin merekomendasikan prosedur ooforektomi, yaitu dengan mengangkat rahim seluruhnya.

 

Teratoma Ovarium Ganas

Bila teratoma ovarium berubah menjadi bersifat ganas, dokter akan merekomendasikan tambahan metode perawatan seperti :

  • Histerektomi
  • Kemoterapi
  • Prosedur pengangkatan rahim seluruhnya

Pada kasus teratoma yang belum terjadi sepenuhnya, dokter akan memberikan perawatan kanker berdasarkan tingkat kanker tersebut.

 

Komplikasi

Komplikasi yang muncul dari teratoma ovarium di antaranya :

  • Torsio ovarium. Salah satu komplikasi yang terjadi dari teratoma ovarium yang dapat menyebabkan pendarahan.
  • Meluruhnya dinding rahim. Walau jarang terjadi, tetapi risiko terjadinya peluruhan kecil, hanya sekitar 1-4% dari semua kejadian teratoma ovarium.
  • Infeksi. Risiko infeksi dari teratoma ovarium terjadi sekitar 1-4%. Infeksi bisa berasal dari darah, kelenjar getah bening atau langsung pada struktur organ seperti saluran cerna. Infeksi juga dapat terjadi dari perdarahan dari meluruhnya dinding rahim.
  • Transformasi menjadi bersifat ganas
    • Transformasi menjadi bersifat ganas dilaporkan terjadi pada 1-3% kejadian pada seluruh teratoma ovarium yang terjadi antara usia 30 sampai 70 tahun dengan kemungkinan terjadi lebih tinggi pada pasien dengan usia 40 sampai 60 tahun. Pasien dengan ukuran tumor lebih besar dari 10 mm memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi untuk bertransformasi menjadi bersifat kanker.

 

Pencegahan

Teratoma ovarium tidak dapat dicegah kecuali dari gaya hidup untuk mengurangi risiko terjadinya prolaps uterus, seperti:

  • Melakukan pemeriksaan panggul dan pap smear rutin pada usia 18-65 tahun yang memiliki usia seksual aktif
  • Minum air yang banyak dan makan makanan tinggi serat seperti buah, sayur, biji, dan kacang-kacangan untuk menjaga berat badan dan gaya hidup sehat. Berolahraga secara teratur untuk menjaga berat badan.
  • Menghindari stres
  • Menghindari konsumsi alkohol berlebih

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Anda mungkin tidak menyadari memiliki teratoma ovarium dikarenakan tidak muncul atau tidak merasakan gejala. Teratoma ovarium umumnya ditemukan ketika melakukan pemeriksaan rutin (seperti pada saat kehamilan). Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan untuk wanita usia 18-65 tahun yang memiliki usia seksual aktif untuk melakukan pemeriksaan panggul dan pap smear rutin setidaknya setahun sekali sehingga meningkatkan kemungkinan untuk mengetahui apakah Anda memiliki teratoma pada saat pemeriksaan. Segera hubungi dokter bila Anda mengalami nyeri perut, mual, muntah dan gejala gangguan perut lainnya yang datang tiba-tiba.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Kevin Luke
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 22:44

Ovarian Cyst. (2022). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001504.htm

Cystic Teratoma. (2022). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564325/ 

Cystic Teratoma. (2019). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281850-overview 

What is a Teratoma. (2021). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-teratoma 

Teratoma. (2021). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22074-teratoma 

What is an Ovarian Teratoma and What are its Symptoms (2022). Retrieved 01 November 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ovarian-teratoma

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    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new7.07msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 722 where `id` = 5491
      Bindings
      • 0: 722
      • 1: 5491
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new10.7msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 5491, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 17:55:23', '2025-04-06 17:55:23')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 5491
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 17:55:23
      • 8: 2025-04-06 17:55:23
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new830μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 43 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 43
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8440 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8440
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.41msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3423 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3423
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.46msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6447 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6447
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.13msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3083 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3083
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.75msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6435 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6435
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.93msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4426 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4426
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6209 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6209
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.86msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6057 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6057
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5421 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5421
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5344 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5344
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new760μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    23Category.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    19Post.php#?
    App\User
    3User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    3Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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