Skotoma

Skotoma
Ilustrasi penglihatan pada penderita skotoma

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Definisi

Skotoma adalah adanya titik buta (blind spot) pada lapang pandang yang menghalangi penglihatan. Skotoma dapat mengenai satu atau kedua mata. Titik buta dapat berada di tengah atau di tepi pada lapang pandang penglihatan. 

Kondisi ini dapat bersifat sementara ataupun permanen. Titik buta sementara dapat menjadi tanda timbulnya sakit kepala migrain. Atau, mungkin ada menjadi tanda adanya masalah kesehatan lebih serius yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan.

Terdapat 3 jenis skotoma, yaitu:

1. Skotoma sentral 

Skotoma sentral adalah adanya titik buta (blind spot) yang berada di tengah penglihatan Anda. Hal tersebut dapat memengaruhi kemampuan seseorang untuk melihat, membaca, dan melakukan tugas sehari-hari.

2. Skotoma skintilating (Scintillating scotomas)

Penderita scintillating scotomas dapat mengalami penglihatan kabur. Selain itu, penderita mungkin dapat melihat adanya benda atau titik melayang (floaters) ataupun titik-titik hitam pada lapang pandang.  

3. Skotoma parasentral

Pada skotoma parasentral, titik buta (blind spot) dapat berada di sekitar area tengah tengah, tetapi tidak di area tengah. Skotoma parasentral yang disertai dengan kehilangan penglihatan perifer (bagian tepi) dapat menyebabkan penglihatan seperti melihat terowongan (tunnel vision).

 

Penyebab

Terdapat beberapa faktor atau kondisi medis yang dapat menyebabkan skotoma. Penyebab skotoma dibagi berdasarkan jenis skotoma, antara lain:

1. Skotoma sentral 

  • Degenerasi makula. Penyebab paling sering dari skotoma sentral adalah degenerasi makular terkait usia (age related macular degeneration atau AMD). Makula sendiri merupakan titik kecil di retina bagian belakang yang berfungsi untuk penglihatan sentra. 
  • Retinopati diabetikum. Penderita diabetes dapat berisiko mengalami gangguan penglihatan. Pada diabetes, kadar gula darah tinggi dapat menyebabkan retina mengalami kerusakan yang disebut retinopati diabetikum
  • Neuropati optik. Neuropati optik terjadi ketika aliran darah ke saraf optik mata menurun atau terganggu. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kehilangan penglihatan mendadak. 

2. Skotoma skintilating (Scintillating scotomas)

  • Obat-obatan. Beberapa obat (misalnya, digoxin) yang digunakan untuk gagal jantung kronis atau agen antiaritmia dapat berkontribusi pada gejala gangguan mata. Perubahan penglihatan bisa terjadi karena toksisitas yang menyerang langsung ke fotoreseptor (saraf mata).
  • Sclerotherapy. Prosedur medis ini membantu mengobati varises. 

3. Skotoma parasentral

  • Glaukoma. Gangguan mata ini dapat merusak saraf optik. 
  • Retinopati diabetikum. Pada diabetes, kadar gula darah tinggi dapat menyebabkan retina mengalami kerusakan yang disebut retinopati diabetikum

 

Faktor Risiko

Beberapa faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko seseorang terkena skotoma adalah:

  • Diabetes
  • Glaukoma
  • Tekanan darah tinggi
  • Penyakit kardiovaskular
  • Stroke
  • Multiple sklerosis
  • Riwayat migrain
  • Stres dan kecemasan berlebih

 

Gejala

Gejala skotoma dapat bervariasi, tergantung jenis skotoma. Gejala yang umunya muncul adalah:

  • Kehilangan penglihatan/kebutaan (sementara atau permanen)
  • Turunnya ketajaman penglihatan
  • Adanya titik buta (blind spot) (satu atau beberapa titik)
  • Nyeri kepala
  • Adanya titik-titik hitam (dots) atau melayang (floaters) di lapang pandang mata
  • Kesulitan membaca atau melihat warna yang detail atau spesifik

 

Diagnosa

Untuk mendiagnosa skotoma, dokter akan melakukan wawancara medis, pemeriksaan fisik dan pemeriksaan penunjang jika diperlukan. 

Dalam wawancara medis, dokter akan menanyakan gejala yang timbul, sejak kapan gejala dirasakan, dan riwayat penyakit yang Anda derita. Selanjutnya, dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan fisik, berupa pemeriksaan mata yang mengarah ke diagnosis skotoma, seperti:

  • Tes lapang pandang. Dokter akan memeriksa lapang pandang menggunakan alat khusus.
  • Pelebaran pupil mata. Dokter akan meneteskan tetes mata untuk melebarkan pupil. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa dan mendapatkan gambar retina dan saraf mata.

Kedua pemeriksaan tersebut akan membantu dokter menentukan tipe skotoma dan penyebabnya.

 

Tata Laksana

Terapi skotoma akan bergantung pada penyebabnya. Riwayat kesehatan dan gejala yang Anda alami akan membantu dokter menentukan langkah terapi selanjutnya. Namun, meskipun dengan terapi, skotoma mungkin tidak dapat hilang sepenuhnya.

Anda dapat belajar untuk beradaptasi dengan kondisi hilangnya lapang pandang dengan mamaksimalkan penglihatan yang Anda punya. Beberapa tips yang dapat membantu Anda untuk melihat lebih baik meliputi:

  • Menggunakan cahaya yang lebih banyak dan lebih baik
  • Memanfaatkan kontras
  • Memperbesar huruf bacaan, misalnya dengan kaca pembesar
  • Berganti ke perangkat yang dapat bersuara seperti voice activated smart phones, text to speech software, talking watches, books on tape

Anda juga dapat belajar untuk menggunakan lapang pandang bagian luar sebagai cara baru untuk melihat, yang disebut dengan eccentric viewing. Teknik ini dilakukan dengan melihat sedikit lebih jauh dari objek menggunakan lapang pandang bagian luar, bukan dengan lapang pandang sentral seperti biasa.

Dengan menggunakan penglihatan bagian luar, Anda akan melihat menggunakan sel batang, bukan sel kerucut yang telah rusak yang berada di makula. Meskipun sel kerucut berfungsi untuk penglihatan yang jelas dan berwarna, namun sel batang dapat dilatih untuk beradaptasi untuk membantu fungsi sel kerucut tersebut.

Mata dan otak dapat mempelajari teknik baru dan cara baru untuk melihat dunia dengan:

  • Latihan yang tepat
  • Banyak latihan
  • Alat bantu lihat yang tepat

Hidup dengan skotoma memang mengganggu penglihatan, namun belajar untuk beradaptasi dengan memaksimalkan penglihatan yang tersisa dapat membuat perbedaan pada kemandirian Anda dan kemampuan Anda dalam melakukan aktivitas.

 

Pencegahan

Tidak ada cara khusus untuk mencegah scotoma sentral. Namun, Anda dapat menurunkan risiko terkena kondisi ini dengan menjaga kesehatan mata. Caranya dalah:

  • Konsumsi makanan sehat. Pastikan Anda mengonsumsi banyak sayuran hijau seperti bayam, kubis, sawi hijau. Konsumsi ikan yang tinggi asam lemak omega-3 seperti salmon, tuna, dan halibut juga baik untuk mata
  • Olahraga teratur. Aktivitas fisik membantu Anda tetap sehat. Hal ini juga akan menurunkan risiko kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan masalah pada mata, seperti diabetes, tekanan darah tinggi, dan kolesterol tinggi
  • Berhenti merokok. Merokok tidak hanya buruk untuk paru-paru, namun juga dapat merusak mata. Merokok meningkatkan risiko degenerasi makula dan katarak, serta dapat merusak saraf mata

Anda juga perlu untuk melindungi mata Anda dari hal-hal yang dapat mencederai mata dengan cara:

  • Memakai kacamata hitam. Lindungi mata Anda dari matahari dengan menggunakan kacamata hitam. Pastikan Anda memakai kacamata yang menangkal 99 sampai 100 persen radiasi UVA dan UVB
  • Memakai goggle. Alat ini didesain untuk melindungi mata selama aktivitas tertentu, seperti olahraga, konstruksi, atau perbaikan rumah
  • Istirahatkan mata. Melihat ke komputer terlalu lama dapat melelahkan mata. Istirahatkan setiap 20 menit
  • Jika Anda memakai lensa kontak, lakukan hal untuk mencegah infeksi mata yaitu dengan mencuci tangan sebelum memasang atau melepas lensa kontak. Pastikan Anda selalu mendesinfeksi lensa kontak dan menggantinya secara teratur

 

Komplikasi

Skotoma bukanlah sesuatu yang berbahaya, namun dapat menyebabkan efek signifikan dalam kualitas hidup penderitanya.

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter ?

Anda harus memeriksakan diri ke dokter spesialis mata jika tiba-tiba Anda mengalami skotoma seperti gejala yang sudah dijelaskan di atas atau gangguan penglihatan lain. Anda mungkin membutuhkan bantuan medis jika mengalami beberapa kondisi emergensi, seperti:

  • Kebingungan atau disorientasi
  • Pusing atau muntah
  • Kelemahan otot
  • Nyeri kepala hebat yang tiba-tiba
  • Terjadi gejala skotoma setelah cedera kepala atau mata

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

                               

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 12:34

Central Scotoma Causes, Symptoms and Help. (2022). Retrieved 14 July 2022, from https://www.webrn-maculardegeneration.com/central-scotoma.html

3 Types of Scotoma (Scintillating, Central & Paracentral). (2022). Retrieved 15 July 2022, from https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/scotoma/

What Is It and How Does it Affect One's Vision. (2022). Retrieved 15 July 2022, from https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/what-is-it-and-how-does-it-affect-ones-vision.html

central scotoma - General Practice Notebook. (2022). Retrieved 15 July 2022, from https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=2100625411

Keep Your Eyes Healthy | National Eye Institute. (2022). Retrieved 15 July 2022, from https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/healthy-vision/keep-your-eyes-healthy

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • CategoryHealtTopics.php#11aicare_prod_new1.19msselect * from `categories` where (`slug` != 'penyakit-a-z' and `slug` != 'obat-a-z' and `slug` != 'pemeriksaan-a-z' and `parent_id` = '0') and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null order by `order` asc
      Bindings
      • 0: penyakit-a-z
      • 1: obat-a-z
      • 2: pemeriksaan-a-z
      • 3: 0
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The != operator is not standard. Use the <> operator to test for inequality instead.
      Backtrace
      • app/Repositories/Categories/CategoryHealtTopics.php:11
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:376
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • WebController.php#377aicare_prod_new135msselect * from `posts` where `status` = 1 and `publish_date` <= '2025-04-05 21:35:16' and `content_type` = 'article' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 7
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: 2025-04-05 21:35:16
      • 2: article
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • ORDER BY RAND() is slow, try to avoid if you can. You can read this or this
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:377
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new12.68msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 2153 where `id` = 4268
      Bindings
      • 0: 2153
      • 1: 4268
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new16.25msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 4268, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-05 21:35:16', '2025-04-05 21:35:16')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 4268
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-05 21:35:16
      • 8: 2025-04-05 21:35:16
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new820μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 31 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 31
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.2msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5196 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5196
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.06msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5905 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5905
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.94msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8782 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8782
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.04msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8545 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8545
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9925 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9925
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.86msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8558 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8558
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.85msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10157 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10157
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1605 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1605
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.35msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1674 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1674
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1696 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1696
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.21msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1628 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1628
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.68msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7007 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7007
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new820μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new730μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.03msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    68Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    22Category.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    4Tag.php#?
    App\User
    3User.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
        locale
        id
        _token
        JVY3JwNmx3cvBCwWOF7g761Cn5rXfu7KbOFcWCIB
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://ai-care.atmatech.id/healthpedia-penyakit/scotoma" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        path_info
        /healthpedia-penyakit/scotoma
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:19 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "x-real-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "18.191.255.240" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "18.191.255.240" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-scheme" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "ai-care.atmatech.id" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
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