Ensefalopati Diabetikum

Ensefalopati Diabetikum
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Definisi

Ensefalopati diabetikum adalah komplikasi diabetes terberat yang memengaruhi sistem saraf pusat di otak. Ensefalopati diartikan sebagai kerusakan atau penyakit yang memengaruhi fungsi otak. Hal ini terjadi ketika terdapat perubahan pada tubuh atau otak yang mengganggu fungsi otak itu sendiri.

Perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi mengakibatkan gangguan neurologis, seperti perubahan proses berpikir dan perubahan kepribadian. Ensefalopati merupakan kondisi kesehatan yang serius sehingga jika tidak segera ditangani, gejalanya akan semakin memburuk, menyebabkan kerusakan otak sementara sampai permanen.

Diabetes melitus sendiri memiliki berbagai komplikasi yang umumnya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu:

  • Komplikasi pembuluh darah besar, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, penyakit pembuluh darah (arteri) perifer, dan stroke
  • Komplikasi pembuluh darah kecil, seperti nefropati diabetikum (gangguan ginjal), neuropati diabetikum (gangguan saraf), serta retinopati diabetikum (gangguan retina mata)

Berdasarkan International Diabetes Federation atau IDF, angka penderita diabetes melitus telah meningkat tajam pada beberapa tahun terakhir dan menjadi salah satu penyakit yang paling banyak ditemui di seluruh dunia. Diabetes melitus menyerang sekitar 285 juta orang dan diperkirakan akan mengalami peningkatan sebanyak 50% pada tahun 2030. Peningkatan ini juga akan meningkatkan kejadian komplikasi diabetes melitus, salah satunya adalah ensefalopati diabetikum.

 

Penyebab

Diabetes terjadi ketika sel beta pankreas gagal untuk memproduksi hormon insulin yang cukup untuk mengatur kadar gula darah atau saat terjadi resistensi insulin. Resistensi insulin adalah suatu keadaan dimana sel-sel dalam tubuh tidak merespon hormon insulin. Akibatnya gula dalam darah tidak dapat diserap dan digunakan oleh sel tubuh sehingga kadar gula dalam darah meningkat.

Ensefalopati diabetikum disebabkan oleh beberapa mekanisme yang berlangsung lama yaitu:

  • Kadar gulah darah tinggi
  • Tekanan darah tinggi
  • Kadar insulin darah yang tinggi
  • Episode gula darah rendah (hipoglikemia) yang sering dan berat
  • Dislipidemia (gangguan lemak tubuh)

 

Faktor Risiko

Faktor-faktor ini meningkatkan risiko seseorang mengalami diabetes melitus dan komplikasinya sebanyak lima kali lipat. Faktor tersebut meliputi:

  • Obesitas atau peningkatan lingkar perut
  • Kolesterol tinggi
  • Tekanan darah tinggi 
  • Merokok
  • Minum alkohol berlebihan

 

Gejala

Derajat keparahan gejala ensefalopati diabetikum berkaitan dengan derajat kerusakan otak. Gejala-gejala yang dialami adalah sebagai berikut: 

  • Bingung
  • Gangguan ingatan
  • Perubahan kepribadian
  • Depresi
  • Gangguan berpikir jenih atau gangguan memfokuskan pikiran
  • Gelisah
  • Gangguan bicara
  • Gangguan postur tubuh
  • Gangguan koordinasi gerak tubuh
  • Kelamahan otot atau kedutan yang tidak dapat dikontrol
  • Gerakan bola mata yang tidak dapat dikontrol
  • Tremor
  • Gangguan menelan
  • Mengantuk
  • Pola pernafasan yang tidak teratur
  • Kejang

 

Diagnosis

Untuk diagnosis ensefalopati diabetikum, dokter akan bertanya mengenai riwayat kesehatan dan melakukan pemeriksaan fisik untuk menilai keadaan status mental, memori, dan juga koordinasi. Setelah itu, dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan untuk mengetahui penyebab ensefalopati.

Pemeriksaan lanjutan juga dapat dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi diagnosis dan menyingkirkan kemungkinan penyebab ensefalopati yang lain. Pemeriksaan tersebut meliputi:

  • Pemeriksaan darah lengkap
  • Pemeriksaan tekanan darah
  • Pemeriksaan elektrolit, glukosa darah, laktat darah, amonia darah, oksigen darah, enzim hati (untuk menilai kerusakan hati)
  • Pemeriksaan fungsi ginjal (kreatinin)
  • CT scan dan MRI untuk mendeteksi adanya pembengkakan otak, kelainan struktur, atau infeksi
  • Ensefalogram (EEG) untuk mendeteksi kerusakan otak atau pola gelombang otak yang abnormal
  • Analisis autoantibodi. Beberapa demensia disebabkan oleh antibodi yang merusak saraf (autoantibodi)

 

Tata Laksana

Ensefalopati diabetikum dapat disebabkan oleh kelebihan glukosa (hiperglikemia) ataupun kekurangan glukosa (hipoglikemia). Kedua keadaan ini sering terjadi pada penderita diabetes dan keduanya dapat menyebabkan ensefalopati. Oleh karena itu, tata laksana ensefalopati diabetikum terdiri dari:

  • Pemberian glukosa jika disebabkan oleh hipoglikemia
  • Pemberian insulin jika disebabkan oleh hiperglikemia

Setelah memberikan penanganan awal, dokter akan memberikan obat-obatan lain untuk mengontrol diabetes dan mencegah kerusakan otak lebih lanjut.

Terdapat beberapa studi yang menunjukkan bahwa olahraga memiliki dampak positif pada berbagai aspek fungsi otak dan memiliki efek baik pada kesehatan otak secara umum. 

 

Komplikasi

Dampak ensefalopati bergantung dari lamanya waktu penanganan penyebab serta tingkat keparahan kondisi Anda. Beberapa orang dapat mengalami perbaikan total, beberapa akan mengalami sedikit perbaikan karena sudah terjadi kerusakan otak permanen.

Penanganan yang terlambat dapat menyebabkan depresi, tremor, koma, sampai kematian.

Ensefalopati diabetikum juga merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya disfungsi kognitif serta peningkatan kejadian demensia termasuk penyakit Alzheimer, Parkinson, serta penyakit Huntington.

 

Pencegahan

Secara umum, terdapat beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah komplikasi diabetes yaitu:

  • Membuat komitmen untuk manajemen diabetes Anda. Pantau kadar gula darah dan ikuti petunjuk dokter untuk memanajemen kadar gula darah Anda. Minumlah obat sesuai petunjuk dokter.
  • Mengontrol tekanan darah dan kolesterol dalam batas normal
  • Olah raga teratur
  • Berhenti merokok
  • Atur jadwal kontrol ke dokter secara rutin (sekitar dua sampai empat kali dalam setahun). Selama pemeriksaan, dokter akan menanyakan mengenai nutrisi dan aktivitas Anda serta mencari adanya komplikasi diabetes sehingga dapat menangani lebih dini.
  • Menerima vaksin yang sesuai anjuran dokter. Diabetes meningkatkan risiko Anda untuk terkena penyakit infeksi. Infeksi dapat mengacaukan kontrol diabetes termasuk kadar gula darah Anda sehingga lebih rentan untuk komplikasi
  • Kelola stress. Saat Anda stress, Anda akan rentan untuk meninggalkan rutinitas diabetes Anda. Untuk memanajemen stress, susunlah prioritas kerja Anda dan pelajari teknik relaksasi. Istirahat yang cukup dan tetaplah positif.

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Jika Anda atau orang lain mengalami gejala ensefalopati, Anda perlu segera berkonsultasi ke dokter atau pergi ke IGD.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr Vivian Keung
Last Updated : Senin, 5 Agustus 2024 | 07:29

What Is Encephalopathy?. (2021). Retrieved 9 September 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-encephalopathy.

Encephalopathy: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Stages & Treatment. (2022). Retrieved 9 September 2022, from https://www.medicinenet.com/encephalopathy/article.htm.

 

Diabetes care: 10 ways to avoid complications. (2022). Retrieved 9 September 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20045803.

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      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new910μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 31 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 31
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new21.75msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9998 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9998
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.75msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4344 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4344
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.18msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9706 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9706
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.04msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9032 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9032
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4045 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4045
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.79msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8405 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8405
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.05msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6496 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6496
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.24msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3919 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3919
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.22msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5817 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5817
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3883 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3883
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.66msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6520 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6520
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.8msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5903 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5903
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new1.02msselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    40Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    23Category.php#?
    App\User
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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        status_text
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