Hitung Jenis Leukosit

Hitung Jenis Leukosit

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Definisi

Leukosit atau sel darah putih merupakan salah satu komponen darah yang memiliki peran dalam sistem imun tubuh, terutama pada saat terjadi infeksi. Berdasarkan bentuknya, leukosit dibagi menjadi lima jenis:

  • Neutrofil merupakan jenis leukosit utama dan paling banyak. Neutrofil merupakan sistem pertahanan utama tubuh terhadap infeksi bakteri atau kuman lainnya.
  • Limfosit merupakan jenis leukosit yang terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu sel B dan Sel T. Sel B merupakan limfosit yang memberikan proteksi pada infeksi virus, bakteri, atau racun. Sedangkan beberapa jenis sel T berfungsi menghancurkan sel kanker dalam tubuh.
  • Monosit juga berperan melawan kuman, bakteri, virus sumber penyakit. Selain itu monosit dapat meningkatkan respon imun tubuh dan membuang sel mati dalam tubuh
  • Eosinofil merupakan leukosit yang terlibat pada proses alergi. Eosinofil juga memberikan proteksi pada infeksi parasit seperti cacing.
  • Basofil melepaskan enzim yang terlibat dalam proses alergi dan asma.

Hitung jenis leukosit merupakan pemeriksaan yang menghitung jumlah tiap jenis leukosit dalam darah. Hasil pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit dapat berupa angka bulat maupun persentase. Pada umumnya, pemeriksaan darah lengkap juga mencakup pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit ini.

 

Indikasi

Hitung jenis leukosit merupakan salah satu parameter dalam pemeriksaan darah lengkap (complete blood count) yang rutin dilakukan. Beberapa indikasi pemeriksaan hemoglobin antara lain:

  1. Medical check-up
  2. Membantu diagnosis infeksi bakteri, virus, atau parasit
  3. Membantu diagnosis penyakit autoimun
  4. Membantu diagnosis dan evaluasi penyakit leukemia atau keganasan lainnya
  5. Membantu diagnosis penyakit inflamasi atau alergi.
  6. Membantu diagnosis anemia (kekurangan sel darah merah)

 

Kontraindikasi

Tidak ada kontraindikasi khusus terkait pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit tidak membutuhkan persiapan khusus. Namun, konsumsi obat-obatan tertentu, seperti steroid, dapat mengurangi akurasi pemeriksaan. Konsultasikan konsumsi obat-obatan ini pada dokter Anda sebelum pemeriksaan. Bila Anda menjalani pemeriksaan lain, maka Anda akan diminta untuk berpuasa (tidak makan) beberapa jam sebelum pemeriksaan dilakukan.

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit sangat sederhana. Petugas laboratorium akan membersihkan lengan Anda dengan alkohol steril dan mengambil sedikit darah Anda dari pembuluh darah di lengan menggunakan spuit steril. Pada bayi, pengambilan darah dilakukan pada tumit. Selanjutnya, darah akan dimasukan ke dalam tabung darah dan diperiksa oleh mesin khusus. Prosedur ini hanya berlangsung sekitar 5 menit dan Anda dapat beraktivitas kembali.

Risiko pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit sangat kecil. Beberapa orang merasakan nyeri, pusing, dan memar saat pengambilan darah. Namun, hal ini biasanya hilang dengan cepat.

 

Nilai normal dan abnormal

Setiap jenis leukosit memiliki nilai normal yang berbeda. Tabel di bawah menunjukan nilai normal hitung jenis leukosit pada dewasa dan anak-anak.

Jenis Leukosit

Nilai Normal (%)

Neutrofil

40-60

Limfosit

20-40

Monosit

2-8

Eosinofil

1-4

Basofil

0.5-1

Band (Neutrofil batang)

0-3

 

Hasil dan saran (pemeriksaan lanjutan)

Rendah

Pada umumnya, hitung jenis leukosit yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan sumsum tulang, infeksi berat, kemoterapi, dan paparan radiasi. Dokter Anda dapat melakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan seperti pemeriksaan hapusan darah atau sumsum tulang untuk mengetahui penyebab gangguan. Beberapa penyebab lainnya meliputi:

  • Jumlah neutrofil yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh: gangguan sumsum tulang, infeksi virus, infeksi bakteri yang berat, kemoterapi, dan paparan radiasi
  • Jumlah limfosit yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh: HIV/AIDS, konsumsi obat-obatan steroid, infeksi bakteri atau kuman yang sangat berat, leukemia, kemoterapi, dan paparan radiasi
  • Jumlah basophil yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh: infeksi akut, keganasan, dan cedera yang berat

Normal

Hasil hitung jenis leukosit yang normal menunjukan keseimbangan dan kondisi sel darah putih yang optimal. Pertahankan kesehatan Anda dengan mengonsumsi gizi yang seimbang, aktivitas fisik yang cukup, serta pemeriksaan kesehatan yang rutin.

Tinggi

Hitung jenis leukosit yang meningkat umumnya disebabkan oleh infeksi, keganasan, penyakit rematik, dan alergi. Dokter Anda dapat melakukan pemeriksaan lainnya seperti kultur darah, marka keganasan, dan uji cukit kulit (alergi). Beberapa penyebab peningkatan jenis leukosit antara lain:

  • Jumlah netrofil yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh: infeksi akut, stress akut, eclampsia (kejang saat kehamilan), kadar asam urat yang tinggi, leukemia, penyakit rematik, gangguan kelenjar tiroid, dan cedera fisik
  • Jumlah limfosit yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh: infeksi bakteri kronis, infeksi pada liver atau kelenjar getah bening, leukemia, multiple myeloma (suatu keganasan darah), dan infeksi virus
  • Jumlah monosit yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh: penyakit inflamasi kronis, leukemia, infeksi parasit, infeksi tuberculosis (penyakit paru), dan infeksi virus
  • Jumlah eosinophil yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh: alergi, leukemia, infeksi parasit, kelainan kelenjar adrenal pada ginjal, dan sindroma hipereosinofilik
  • Jumlah basophil yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh: alergi, leukemia, gangguan sumsum tulang, dan pengangkatan organ limpa.

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Bila hitung jenis leukosit Anda tidak normal, Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter umum untuk mendapatkan diagnosis dan terapi yang sesuai. Bila diperlukan, Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam (Sp.PD) terkait kondisi Anda. Pada pasien anak-anak, dokter spesialis anak (Sp.A) dapat memberikan informasi dan terapi yang lebih detil.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Kevin Luke
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Jumat, 9 Desember 2022 | 14:40

Blood Differential. (2022). Retrieved 13 July 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-differential/

Blood Differential. (2022). Retrieved 13 July 2022, from https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/blood-differential-test

Blood differential test Information. (2022). Retrieved 13 July 2022, from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/blood-differential-test

What Is a Differential Blood Count?. (2022). Retrieved 13 July 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-differential-blood-count

Blood differential test. (2019). Retrieved 13 July 2022, from https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/medical-tests/blood-differential-test

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.9msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5240 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2717 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.59msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9820 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.57msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4703 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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