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  • Mengenal Skin Prick Test, Tes untuk Mengetahui Alergi Apakah Anda?

Mengenal Skin Prick Test, Tes untuk Mengetahui Alergi Apakah Anda?

Mengenal Skin Prick Test, Tes untuk Mengetahui Alergi Apakah Anda?
Credits: Freepik

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Sistem kekebalan tubuh bekerja untuk melawan zat asing seperti virus atau bakteri. Ada kalanya sistem kekebalan tubuh bereaksi berlebihan dan salah mengenali zat yang tidak berbahaya seperti kacang, telur, debu atau serbuk sari sebagai ancaman.

 

Reaksi Alergi di Dalam Tubuh

Untuk menghadapi ancaman zat yang dianggap berbahaya, sistem kekebalan tubuh akan bereaksi dan melepaskan antibodi. Antibodi berisi protein yang menyampaikan pesan pada sel-sel di dalam tubuh untuk menghentikan zat yang tidak berbahaya tersebut. Akibatnya, sel-sel merespon dengan mengirimkan histamin, yang menyebabkan pembuluh darah melebar dan memicu gejala alergi.

Ada beragam reaksi alergi yang dapat muncul saat tubuh melepaskan histamin, di antaranya:

  • Hidung tersumbat atau berair
  • Bersin
  • Mata gatal dan berair
  • Ruam kemerahan atau bentol-bentol di kulit yang terkadang terasa gatal
  • Diare
  • Muntah
  • Sesak napas
  • Batuk
  • Mengi

 

Reaksi anafilaksis juga dapat terjadi ketika Anda berhadapan dengan alergen tertentu. Reaksi anafilaksis adalah reaksi alergi berat yang berpotensi mengancam nyawa, yang dapat terjadi bahkan dalam hitungan detik atau menit setelah terpapar sesuatu seperti kacang atau sengatan lebah.

Reaksi anafilaksis menyebabkan sistem kekebalan melepaskan banyak bahan kimia yang dapat memicu penyempitan saluran napas dan syok 'penurunan tekanan darah tiba-tiba'. Apabila reaksi alergi menyebabkan denyut nadi cepat dan lemas, mual, muntah segera dapatkan pertolongan medis darurat di IGD.

 

Apa Itu Skin Prick Test?

Untuk mengetahui jenis alergi yang dimiliki seseorang, dokter dapat menganjurkan untuk menjalani tes alergi. Salah satu tes alergi yang mudah dilakukan dan ramah pada anak-anak adalah skin prick test.

Skin prick test atau disebut juga tes tusuk atau gores dapat memeriksa reaksi alergi langsung terhadap sebanyak 50 zat berbeda sekaligus. Tes ini umumnya dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi alergi terhadap serbuk sari, jamur, bulu hewan piaraan, tungau debu, dan makanan. Skin prick test pada orang dewasa dilakukan di bawah lengan, sedangkan pada anak-anak dapat dilakukan di punggung atas. Tes ini tidak terlalu menyakitkan walaupun menggunakan jarum (lancet). Jarum yang digunakan tidak menembus permukaan kulit sehingga Anda tidak akan berdarah.

Mula-mula, perawat akan membersihkan area tes dengan alkohol dan membuat gambar tanda kecil di kulit Anda. Setelah itu, ekstrak alergen akan diteteskan. Lancet kemudian digunakan untuk menusukkan ekstrak alergen ke permukaan kulit, lancet berbeda akan digunakan pada alergen lain. Untuk mengetahui reaksi alergi, zat tambahan seperti histamin dan gliserin mungkin juga akan digoreskan. Histamin membantu mengungkap reaksi alergi yang Anda miliki, sedangkan gliserin dapat mengungkap apakah Anda kemungkinan memiliki jenis kulit sensitif.

Setelah 15 menit, perawat akan kembali mengecek dan mengamati reaksi alergi yang mungkin muncul terhadap salah zat yang diuji. Apabila Anda mengalami benjolan merah, gatal atau menonjol seperti gigitan nyamuk maka menandakan Anda alergi terhadap zat tersebut.

Perlu diingat bahwa skin prick test tidak selalu memberikan hasil yang akurat. Terkadang tes ini menunjukkan reaksi positif alergi palsu atau juga negatif palsu. Minta dokter menjelaskan hasil tes alergi dan jelaskan kondisi atau riwayat reaksi alergi yang pernah Anda alami untuk membantu mengendalikan atau mengurangi gejala alerginya.

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 14:09

Mayo Clinic (2022). Allergy skin tests. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/allergy-tests/about/pac-20392895

Medline Plus (2021). Allergy Skin Test. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/allergy-skin-test/

Kids Health (2022). What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/skin-test.html

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Allergy Testing. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21495-allergy-testing

WebMD (2022). What Is an Allergic Reaction?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergic-reaction-causes

Mayo Clinic (2021). Anaphylaxis. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anaphylaxis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351468

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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.78msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9870 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new11.47msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9603 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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