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Apa Itu Artificial Intelligence dan Bagaimana Perannya bagi Dunia Kesehatan?

Apa Itu Artificial Intelligence dan Bagaimana Perannya bagi Dunia Kesehatan?
Credit: Freepik

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Artificial intelligence (AI) atau kecerdasan buatan sedang marak menjadi pembicaraan. Penggunaan AI yang dianggap dapat memudahkan berbagai pekerjaan manusia dipandang perlu diterapkan di berbagai bidang, termasuk bidang kesehatan.

 

Apa Itu Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) atau kecerdasan buatan adalah kumpulan teknologi yang diterapkan pada mesin atau sistem komputer. AI dapat melakukan tugas yang normalnya memerlukan kecerdasan manusia. Istilah kecerdasan buatan pertama kali disebut dalam makalah Alan Turin, seorang peneliti matematika dan komputer, yang berjudul Computing Machinery and Intelligence yang dirilis pada tahun 1950.

Dalam perkembangannya, kecerdasan buatan diharapkan dapat bekerja dengan membedaan sistem komputer berdasarkan rasionalitas dan pemikiran layaknya manusia. Berdasarkan pendekatan manusia, kecerdasan manusia diharapkan dapat berpikir dan bertindak seperti manusia. Namun untuk membuatnya lebih logis, kecerdasan buatan diharapkan dapat berpikir dan bertindak secara rasional.

Secara singkat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kecerdasan buatan adalah bidang yang menggabungkan ilmu komputer dan kumpulan data yang kuat untuk membantu memecahkan masalah.   

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Peran Artificial Intelligence pada Bidang Kesehatan

Seperti layaknya pemikiran manusia, kecerdasan buatan juga diperlukan dalam berbagai bidang, termasuk bidang kesehatan. Kecerdasan buatan dipandang memiliki sejumlah potensi dalam mengubah sistem pelayanan kesehatan saat ini seperti perawatan pasien dan pelaksanaan administratif layanan kesehatan, pembayaran, dan farmasi.

Hingga saat ini sudah ada sejumlah studi penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa AI dapat bekerja sebaik atau lebih baik daripada manusia dalam melakukan diagnosis penyakit. Sejumlah algoritma mesin sudah mampu mengungguli ahli radiologi dalam menemukan tumor ganas dan membantu peneliti dalam membuat kohort untuk uji klinis yang mahal.

Beberapa manfaat penggunaan kecerdasan buatan yang saat ini sedang dikembangkan dalam dunia kesehatan antara lain:

1. Membantu diagnosis penyakit

Diagnosis dan terapi penyakit sudah menjadi salah satu fokus dari AI sejak dulu. Pengembangan AI dilakukan dengan harapan agar teknologi ini bisa membantu tenaga kesehatan dalam proses diagnosis penyakit. 

Saat ini ada fitur-fitur pemeriksaan gejala mandiri yang dikembangkan untuk membantu pasien mengetahui bila kondisi mereka tergolong normal atau memerlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Sistem teknologi AI dilatih secara kognitif menggunakan natural language processing dan machine learning. Teknologi ini memproses data-data dari literatur medik, rekam medis, panduan terapi, hasil laporan laboratorium untuk memberikan rekomendasi terapi.

Namun, rekomendasi diagnosis dan pengobatan dari AI saat ini masih sulit untuk diikutsertakan dalam alur kerja klinis. Fungsi AI masih dalam pengembangan lebih lanjut.

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2. Membantu memberi prediksi risiko penyakit

Dengan banyaknya data dalam sistem kecerdasan buatan, diharapkan AI dapat membantu memberikan prediksi akurat tentang kesehatan pasien di masa depan. Model machine learning dari AI juga diharapkan bisa membantu memprediksi populasi masyarakat yang berisiko mengalami penyakit tertentu.

Berdasarkan hasil prediksi tersebut, AI dapat memberikan kalkulasi dan gambaran kepada dokter dan pasien tentang risiko beberapa penyakit ke depannya, serta penanganan terbaik yang dapat diterima oleh pasien.

3. Membantu pencitraan atau pemeriksaan radiologi

Salah satu penerapan kecerdasan buatan yang sedang dikembangkan adalah untuk pemeriksaan radiologi dan pencitraan. Dengan AI, interpretasi hasil pemeriksaan tertentu menjadi lebih cepat dan efisien. Sistem AI bisa dilatih untuk mengenali gambar-gambar spesifik, seperti misalnya suatu benjolan atau nodul pada pemeriksaan CT scan dada atau perdarahan pada MRI otak. Namun, algoritma AI dalam pengenalan gambar ini memerlukan jutaan data gambar pemeriksaan dari pasien.

 

Tantangan terbesar dalam penggunaan AI di dunia medis adalah memastikan bahwa teknologi tersebut dapat diterapkan dalam praktik klinis sehari-hari. Agar dapat diterapkan secara luas, sistem AI harus disetujui oleh hukum dan pemangku kebijakan, diajarkan kepada tenaga kesehatan dan tenaga medis serta selalu diperbarui dari waktu ke waktu.

Para ahli meyakini bahwa sistem AI tidak akan menggantikan dokter atau perawat manusia dalam skala besar, melainkan membantu upaya mereka untuk beralih ke tugas dan desain pekerjaan yang memanfaatkan keterampilan dan kecerdasan manusia menjadi lebih baik.

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 14:25

Davenport, T., & Kalakota, R. (2019). The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future healthcare journal, 6(2), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94.

Foresee Medical. AI in healthcare. Available from: https://www.foreseemed.com/artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare.

IBM. What is artificial intelligence in healthcare?. Available from: https://www.ibm.com/id-en/topics/artificial-intelligence-healthcare.

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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