Ganja Medis: Apa Manfaatnya bagi Kesehatan?

Ganja Medis: Apa Manfaatnya bagi Kesehatan?
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Penggunaan ganja (Cannabis sativa) masih menjadi kontroversi di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Ganja dikenal sebagai daun kering yang dibakar dan diisap layaknya rokok, memberikan efek stimulan pada otak. Orang yang mengisap ganja biasanya merasakan euforia, lebih santai, dan bahagia selama sesaat. Walaupun ganja juga bisa memperburuk gejala orang-orang dengan penyakit mental tertentu, membuat sulit fokus, dan bisa menyebabkan kecanduan. Selain efek-efek itu, ganja juga diketahui memiliki sejumlah manfaat medis. Hanya saja, penggunaannya masih sangat terbatas.

 

Penelitian Ganja untuk Kebutuhan Medis

Tidak ada perbedaan antara tanaman ganja yang digunakan untuk kesenangan pribadi dengan ganja yang digunakan secara medis. Yang membedakan keduanya adalah cara pemakaian dan dosis yang digunakan. Ganja medis memakai tanaman atau zat kimia yang terkandung di dalam ganja sebagai salah satu regimen terapi suatu penyakit. 

Tanaman ganja mengandung lebih dari 100 senyawa cannabinoid yang berbeda. Masing-masing senyawa memiliki efek yang berbeda bagi tubuh. Dua kandungan cannabinoidnya, yaitu Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dan cannabidiol (CBD) merupakan bahan utama yang digunakan dalam ganja medis. Kandungan THC ini jugalah yang menghasilkan perasaan memabukkan setelah mengonsumsi makanan dengan daun ganja atau sesudah mengisap ganja.

Dilansir dari Medical News Today, berikut ini beberapa masalah kesehatan yang diteliti terkait ganja:

1. Nyeri kronis

Dilansir dari The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, penggunaan ganja paling umum untuk kebutuhan medis adalah untuk meredakan nyeri. Pada orang dewasa dengan nyeri kronis, mereka yang diterapi dengan cannabis atau cannabinoid lebih mungkin mengalami penurunan rasa nyeri yang signifikan. Nabiximols, semprotan oromukosal yang terdiri dari campuran THC dan CBD dari ganja banyak digunakan untuk meredakan nyeri kronis. Walaupun masih dalam penelitian lebih lanjut, nabiximols menunjukkan hasil yang baik sebagai obat pereda nyeri hebat pada pasien kanker, penyakit autoimun sklerosis multipel, dan nyeri saraf (neuropati).

2. Penyakit Mental

Sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam Clinical Psychology Review mengungkapkan bukti penggunaan ganja untuk mengatasi gejala gangguan mental. Dalam penelitian tersebut, peneliti menemukan bukti yang mendukung penggunaan ganja untuk mengatasi gejala depresi dan PTSD. Namun demikian, para ahli menyatakan masih membutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efek samping pengobatan kondisi tersebut dengan ganja. Penelitian saat ini terkait depresi umumnya hanya melaporkan gejala depresi pada pasien dengan penyakit lain (nyeri kronis atau sklerosis multipel). 

Pemakaian ganja tidak terlihat meningkatkan kemungkinan seseorang mengembangkan penyakit depresi, kecemasan, dan PTSD, namun meningkatkan kemungkinan seseorang mengalami skizofrenia dan gejala psikosis. Pada orang-orang dengan gangguan bipolar, pemakaian harian dari ganja dikaitkan dengan gejala yang lebih berat dibandingkan dengan penderita gangguan bipolar yang tidak memakai ganja. Penelitian lain juga menunjukkan efek samping penggunaan ganja justru dapat meningkatkan risiko kecemasan sosial.

3. Kanker

Dilansir dari American Cancer Society, sejumlah penelitian menyebutkan bahwa mengisap ganja dapat membantu mengatasi mual dan muntah akibat kemoterapi. Beberapa penelitian juga menyebutkan penggunaan cannabinoid dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan sel kanker tertentu pada hewan coba. Meskipun tampak menjanjikan, namun hasil penelitian tersebut tidak menunjukkan bahwa ganja dapat mengendalikan atau menyembuhkan sel kanker. Karena bukti penelitiannya masih belum cukup, ganja masih belum terbukti efektif sebagai salah satu terapi untuk melawan kanker.

Namun, cannabinoid diteliti bisa digunakan dalam mengatasi mual dan muntah yang timbul sebagai salah satu efek samping kemoterapi pada penderita kanker.

4. Epilepsi

Sejumlah penelitian mengungkapkan manfaat ganja dalam meredakan kejang epilepsi. Di tahun 2018, FDA di Amerika Serikat menyetujui penggunaan CBD (Epidiolex) untuk mengatasi 2 penyakit epilepsi langka dan serius, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome dan Dravet syndrome, yang selama ini sulit dikontrol dengan obat-obatan epilepsi umumnya. Namun, perlu diingat bahwa masih sedikit penelitian yang mendukung atau membantah bahwa cannabinoid merupakan terapi yang efektif untuk mengatasi epilepsi.

 

Saat ini penggunaan ganja di Indonesia masih berstatus ilegal. Meskipun beberapa penelitian menunjukkan manfaat positif dari penggunaan ganja sebagai pengobatan medis, namun risiko dan efek samping penggunaan ganja juga perlu diperhatikan. Sebaiknya, hindari penggunaan ganja secara ilegal baik untuk kebutuhan rekreasional maupun pengobatan medis demi melindungi diri dari jeratan hukum dan bahaya kesehatan yang mengintai.

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

ganj

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Kamis, 13 April 2023 | 00:37

WebMD. (2021). Medical Marijuana FAQ. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medical-marijuana-faq

Villines, Z. (2022). Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320984#So,-is-cannabis-good-or-bad-for-your-health?

Frysh, P. (2021). How Pot Affects Your Mind and Body. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects#1

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. 4, Therapeutic Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425767/

Grinspoon, P. (2020). Medical Marijuana. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085

American Cancer Society. Marijuana and Cancer. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/complementary-and-integrative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html

Tubert, D., Gudgel, D. (2020). Does Marijuana Help Treat Glaucoma or Other Eye Conditions?. Available from: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/medical-marijuana-glaucoma-treament

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.92msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10174 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6585
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9567 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9567
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8373 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8373
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 5428
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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