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Parosmia, Gejala dan Penyebab Gangguan Pada Indera Penciuman

Parosmia, Gejala dan Penyebab Gangguan Pada Indera Penciuman

Bagikan :


Istilah anosmia dan parosmia menjadi populer setelah infeksi Covid-19 menyerang. Anosmia merujuk pada kehilangan indera penciuman, sedangkan parosmia mengacu pada gangguan indera penciuman.

Menurut Medicine.net, parosmia dapat menyebabkan hilangnya kepekaan terhadap penciuman, yang berarti bahwa orang yang terkena mungkin tidak dapat mendeteksi aroma. Parosmia juga dapat menyebabkan distorsi pada indera penciuman, yaitu perubahan bau pada barang-barang yang familiar menjadi tidak menyenangkan. Misalnya ketika Anda sebelumnya menikmati kopi dan aromanya, ketika Anda mengalami parosmia, aroma kopi ini bisa sangat tidak menyenangkan bahkan membuat Anda mual.

Gejala parosmia

  • Rasa konstan mencium bau yang tidak menyenangkan
  • Kesulitan mengenali aroma tertentu
  • Merasa mual atau kehilangan nafsu makan ketika berada di sekitar makanan beraroma tidak menyenangkan

Penyebab parosmia

Parosmia biasanya terjadi setelah neuron pendeteksi aroma atau yang disebut indera penciuman mengalami kerusakan akibat virus atau kondisi kesehatan lainnya. Neuron ini melapisi hidung dan berfungsi untuk memberi tahu otak bagaimana menafsirkan informasi kimia yang membentuk bau. Kerusakan pada neuron dapat mengubah cara bau mencapai otak.

Dilansir Healthline dan WebMD, berikut adalah beberapa hal yang dapat menyebabkan parosmia di antaranya:

  • Cedera kepala atau trauma otak - cedera traumatis otak dikaitkan dengan parosmia, di mana durasi dan tingkat keparahan tergantung pada cedera penyebabnya. Cedera traumatis otak juga menyebabkan hilangnya indera penciuman dan pergeseran serat syaraf penciuman.
  • Kejang yang mengakibatkan trauma juga dapat memicu parosmia.
  • Infeksi virus - salah satu penyebab gejala parosmia adalah kerusakan penciuman akibat pilek atau virus. Infeksi di saluran pernapasan atas dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan neuron olfaktorius, yang seringkali dialami orang dewasa.
  • Merokok dan paparan zat kimia - merokok dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada sistem penciuman yang disebabkan oleh racun dan bahan kimia dalam rokok. Untuk alasan yang sama, paparan bahan kimia dan volume polusi udara yang tinggi dari waktu ke waktu dapat menyebabkan gejala parosmia.
  • Efek samping pengobatan kanker - pada tahun 2016, ditemukan bahwa 86% pasien kanker mengalami perubahan penciuman dan indera perasa saat menjalani pengobatan kanker. Pada tahun 2006 bahkan gejala ini menyebabkan penurunan berat badan dan mal nutrisi akibat kehilangan napsu makan yang dipicu parosmia.
  • Kondisi neurologis - salah satu gejala penyakit alzheimer dan Parkinson adalah kehilangan indera penciuman, demikian juga dialami oleh demensia lewy body dan penyakit Huntington.
  • Adanya tumor - adanya tumor di bulbus olfaktorius, di korteks frontal, dan di rongga sinus menyebabkan perubahan pada indera penciuman. Pun demikian, tumor ini jarang menyebabkan parosmia, dan lebih sering menyebabkan phantosmia (pendeteksian aroma yang sebenarnya tidak ada).
  • Infeksi Covid-19 - selain anosmia, parosmia juga dikaitkan dengan infeksi Covid-19. Diduga bahwa virus telah menginfeksi dan menyebabkan adanya perubahan pada sistem pernapasan, sehingga Anda dapat mengalami parosmia setelah sembuh dari Covid-19.
  • Kondisi mulut kering terus menerus - parosmia yang dibiarkan berkembang dapat memicu komplikasi seperti kehilangan napsu makan, penurunan berat badan, dan depresi.

Parosmia yang disebabkan oleh faktor lingkungan, pengobatan, terapi kanker, atau merokok dapat diobati dan akan kembali normal apabila pemicunya berhasil dihentikan. pada beberapa kasus, parosmia hanya dapat diatasi dengan pembedahan dan konsumsi obat-obatan yang diresepkan oleh dokter. Untuk mengetahui apakah parosmia yang Anda alami adalah gejala ringan dan dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya, atau membutuhkan pengobatan serta pembedahan, sebaiknya periksakan diri Anda ke dokter.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 11:51

Kathryn Watson and Kristeen Cherney (2021). Parosmia. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/parosmia

Shishira Sreenivas (2021). What Is Parosmia?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-parosmia

Carla Delgado (2021). COVID-19 May Cause Parosmia. What Is It?. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/covid-sense-of-smell-parosmia-5211128

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD (2021). Parosmia: Symptoms & Signs. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/parosmia/symptoms.htm

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Anosmia (Loss of Sense of Smell). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21859-anosmia-loss-of-sense-of-smell

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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