Menjawab Pertanyaan Seputar Varian Omicron

Menjawab Pertanyaan Seputar Varian Omicron

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Dunia kembali dikejutkan dengan munculnya varian coronavirus baru yaitu Omicron (B.11.529). Varian ini dilabeli WHO sebagai salah satu Variant of Concern (VOC) atau varian coronavirus yang mengkhawatirkan pada tanggal 26 November 2021. Spesimen positif Omicron ditemukan pada tanggal 11 November 2021 di Botswana dan kemudian pada tanggal 14 November 2021 di Afrika Selatan. Masih belum diketahui dengan pasti bila varian ini sudah ada sebelum tanggal varian ini ditemukan.

Per tanggal 1 Desember, Dirjen WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, di konferensi pers mengatakan bahwa sudah ada 23 negara dari 5 wilayah WHO yang melaporkan kasus dengan varian Omicron. Jumlah ini diperkirakan akan terus bertambah. Varian ini juga dianggap WHO sebagai salah satu varian yang memerlukan perhatian khusus.

Beberapa pertanyaan berikut ini pasti timbul di benak Anda terkait varian Omicron ini. Simak ulasannya.

Apakah Omicron Berbahaya?

Jika menilik dari kasus varian delta yang lalu, muncul banyak kekhawatiran dalam benak kita semua apakah varian Omicron ini dapat menyebabkan gelombang infeksi COVID-19 yang baru di dunia, khususnya Indonesia. 

Varian Omicron diketahui memiliki 50 mutasi yang meliputi 26-32 mutasi di bagian protein spike. Protein spike ini merupakan bagian virus yang akan berikatan dengan sel tubuh manusia. Mutasi varian ini lebih banyak dibandingkan mutasi varian Delta yang berjumlah kurang dari 20. Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah ada, terdapat beberapa ciri mutasi pada Omicron yang memiliki kemiripan dengan varian SARS-CoV-2 lainnya, yaitu alpha, beta, dan delta.

Mutasi dari semua varian berbeda ini ditemukan bersamaan pada varian Omicron. Mutasi tersebut dapat menyebabkan virus lebih mudah menular, lebih mudah berikatan dengan sel tubuh manusia, lebih cepat berkembang biak, dan mampu menghindar dari sistem kekebalan tubuh.

Saat ini data yang tersedia mengenai keparahan penyakit masih sedikit, hanya ada data yang bersifat anekdot saja dari pada dokter di Afrika Selatan. Laporan awal terkait pasien yang terinfeksi varian Omicron saat ini masih menunjukkan gejala yang serupa dengan varian SARS-CoV-2 lainnya, bahkan ada juga pasien yang tidak bergejala. Dilansir The Lancet, masih belum diketahui efek dari sebagian besar mutasi yang ditemukan pada varian Omicron. Oleh karena itu, hingga saat ini, masih belum dapat disimpulkan apakah varian Omicron lebih berbahaya dibandingkan varian dari mutasi virus penyebab COVID-19 lainnya.

Apakah Omicron Bisa Menyebabkan Reinfeksi?

Varian Omicron adalah varian yang paling berbeda selama pandemi COVID-19 karena banyaknya mutasi yang ditemukan. Bila mutasi tersebut mempertahankan ciri yang sama seperti yang ditemukan di varian lainnya, Omicron memiliki kemungkinan tinggi untuk bisa bertahan dari kekebalan tubuh kita yang diperantarai antibodi. Namun, tubuh kita memiliki banyak mekanisme perlindungan diri, sehingga masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui seberapa besar potensi Omicron dalam menghindari kekebalan tubuh kita.

Menurut studi yang dilakukan di Afrika Selatan, risiko terjadinya infeksi untuk pertama kalinya mulai berkurang (yang mungkin disebabkan oleh peningkatan vaksinasi di masyarakat). Sementara itu, terdapat peningkatan risiko reinfeksi COVID-19. Orang-orang yang sudah pernah terinfeksi COVID-19 bisa menjadi lebih rentan terhadap infeksi kedua dari varian Omicron. 

 

Varian Omicron ini masih bisa dideteksi dengan metode PCR yang banyak digunakan saat ini. Terapi dan protokol penanganan COVID-19 juga bisa dianggap masih efektif untuk menangani varian Omicron. Berdasarkan data-data penelitian terkait varian SARS-CoV-2 sebelumnya, orang-orang yang sudah tervaksinasi lebih mungkin memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah untuk menderita gejala yang berat dari infeksi varian Omicron.

Penelitian terkait varian Omicron ini mungkin baru bisa memberikan data baru dalam beberapa minggu ke depan. Hal yang bisa Anda lakukan saat ini adalah vaksinasi diri Anda sampai dua dosis dan untuk tetap menerapkan protokol kesehatan, seperti menjaga jarak, memakai masker, serta rajin mencuci tangan agar terhindar dari risiko infeksi COVID-19.

Writer : Editor AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 02:09

Science (2021). COVID-19 reinfection study from South Africa yields ominous data about Omicron. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-reinfection-study-south-africa-yields-ominous-data-about-omicron

European CDC (2021). Implications of the Emergence and Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Variant of Concern (Omicron) For the EU/EEA. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Implications-emergence-spread-SARS-CoV-2%20B.1.1.529-variant-concern-Omicron-for-the-EU-EEA-Nov2021.pdf

Karim S, Karim Q. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant: A New Chapter in the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet (2021). Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02758-6/fulltext

Constantino A. WHO Says Omicron Has Been Found in 23 Countries Across the World. CNBC (2021). Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/who-says-omicron-has-been-found-in-23-countries-across-the-world.html

Doucleff M. New Evidence Shows Omicron Likely Spreads Twice as Fast as Delta in South Africa. NPR (2021). Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/11/30/1059859253/why-omicron-variant-spreads-so-quickly-infectious-mutations

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.53msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6633 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6633
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.99msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8459 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8459
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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