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Mengenal Badai Sitokin, Salah Satu Komplikasi dari Covid-19

Mengenal Badai Sitokin, Salah Satu Komplikasi dari Covid-19

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Badai sitokin adalah salah satu kondisi komplikasi yang bisa dialami oleh penderita Covid-19. Kondisi ini dapat memperburuk kondisi pasien Covid-19 meskipun mungkin virus dalam tubuh pasien tersebut sudah mati. Untuk lebih mengenal jelas apa itu badai sitokin, simak selengkapnya dalam artikel berikut.

 

Apa itu badai sitokin?

Badai sitokin sebenarnya bukan nama suatu penyakit. Badai sitokin berasal dari dua kata bahasa Yunani yaitu cyto (sel) dan kinos (gerakan). Kondisi ini merupakan  kondisi terjadinya reaksi berlebihan dari sistem kekebalan tubuh yang terjadi beberapa penyakit, salah satunya Covid-19. 

 

Badai sitokin muncul karena adanya respon kekebalan tubuh terhadap virus. Saat tubuh diserang virus, sistem kekebalan tubuh akan berjuang untuk melawan infeksi tersebut. Salah satunya adalah dengan melepaskan sitokin, yaitu protein yang bertugas mengomunikasikan sinyal tubuh untuk merespon infeksi. Kondisi ini disebut badai sitokin karena sitokin yang dilepaskan ke darah sangat banyak dalam waktu yang sangat cepat. Karena banyaknya sitokin yang beredar dalam darah, pada tubuh kemudian timbul reaksi inflamasi yang berlebihan atau yang disebut hiperinflamasi. Tak jarang peradangan ini kemudian membuat organ tubuh gagal berfungsi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kematian.

 

Hingga saat ini penyebab badai sitokin belum dapat diketahui secara pasti. Namun sejumlah ahli berpendapat bahwa kekacauan di sistem kekebalan sendiri yang akhirnya menyebabkan kondisi pasien semakin parah. Sistem kekebalan yang seharusnya melawan virus malah justru menyerang sel tubuh yang sehat. Pada pasien Covid-19, badai sitokin umumnya menyerang paru-paru dan pembuluh darah. Kantung udara pada paru akan dipenuhi cairan sehingga menyulitkan pertukaran oksigen. Situasi ini yang menyebabkan pasien Covid-19 mengalami sesak napas. 

 

Gejala badai sitokin

Salah satu gejala umum badai sitokin pada pasien Covid-19 adalah demam dan sesak napas sehingga pasien membutuhkan ventilator. Selain demam dan sesak napas, gejala badai sitokin lainnya adalah menggigil, mual dan muntah, nyeri otot, ruam kulit, batuk, dan napas pendek. Pada beberapa pasien dapat mengalami kesulitan mengendalikan gerakan, kebingungan dan halusinasi, tekanan darah rendah dan penggumpalan darah. 

 

Penanganan badai sitokin

Pasien Covid-19 yang mengalami badai sitokin perlu mendapat perawatan intensif di ICU. Pasien akan dipasang ventilator, diberi cairan melalui infus dan diberi obat-obatan untuk menghambat aktivitas sitokin. Perlu diketahui bahwa badai sitokin yang dialami satu pasien tidak akan sama dengan pasien lain. Badai sitokin sangat bergantung pada daya tahan tubuh dan sistem kekebalan tubuh ketika melawan virus yang masuk. 

 

Badai sitokin bukan hanya ditemukan di pasien Covid-19

Meskipun merupakan komplikasi umum Covid-19, badai sitokin bukan merupakan kondisi khas untuk penyakit ini. Dan perlu diingat bahwa tidak semua pasien Covid-19 pasti akan mengalami badai sitokin. Namun, yang juga perlu diwaspadai adalah bahwa badai sitokin ini bisa terjadi pada pasien Covid-19 baik yang sedang menjalani perawatan maupun yang sudah sembuh. 

 

Selain Covid-19, badai sitokin juga dapat terjadi pada penyakit flu dan gangguan pernapasan lainnya seperti kanker paru, SARS dan MERS. Badai sitokin juga dapat terjadi pada pasien dengan penyakit lain non-infeksi seperti Pankreatitis dan Sklerosis Multipel.

 

Badai sitokin memang merupakan salah satu kondisi yang sangat berbahaya dan berisiko pada kematian. Untuk itu, dalam aktivitas sehari-hari tetap patuhi protokol kesehatan 5M yaitu mencuci tangan dengan sabun, memakai masker, menjaga jarak, menjauhi kerumunan dan mengurangi mobilitas. Selain itu jangan lupa untuk meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh agar terhindar dari infeksi Covid-19. 



Edited by: dr. Benita Arini Kurniadi

Last updated: 25/05/2021

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.54msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9599 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new930μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new1.04msselect * from `faqs` limit 1
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.27msselect * from `term_policies`
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      App\User
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      App\Models\Admin\Page
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          Date ↕MethodURLData
          #12025-04-15 04:47:16GET/covid-19/mengenal-badai-sitokin-salah-satu-komplikasi-dari-covid-19102531