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Apa Itu Imunokompromais dan Mengapa Berisiko Tinggi Terinfeksi Covid-19?

Apa Itu Imunokompromais dan Mengapa Berisiko Tinggi Terinfeksi Covid-19?

Bagikan :


Belakangan ini Anda mungkin sering mendengar istilah imunokompromais, yang menjadi salah satu penerima vaksin yang diprioritaskan selain lansia dan orang dengan komorbid. Sebenarnya apa sih yang dimaksud dengan imunokompromais itu?

Imunokompromais adalah kondisi ketika sistem kekebalan tidak berjalan dengan baik, yang menyebabkan sistem kekebalan tubuh menjadi lebih lemah. Memiliki imunokompromais berarti tubuh kurang mampu melawan infeksi bakteri, virus dan jamur dengan baik. Akibatnya, Anda akan berisiko mengalami infeksi yang serius.

Jenis imunokompromais

Imunokompromais seringkali disebut juga dengan istilah imunodefisiensi. Menurut WebMD ada dua jenis imunodefisiensi, antara lain:

  • Imunodefisiensi primer - di mana masalah pada sistem kekebalan sudah hadir sejak Anda lahir. Kondisi ini merupakan kondisi bawaan yang disebabkan oleh mutasi genetik.
  • Imunodefisiensi sekunder - di mana masalah pada sistem kekebalan terjadi setelah suatu kondisi kesehatan atau pengobatan yang menyebabkan sistem kekebalan tubuh menjadi lemah.

Penyebab imunokompromais

Imunokompromais atau yang disebut dengan imunodefisiensi, disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor.

Imunodefisiensi primer

Imunodesifiensi primer atau disebut juga gangguan imunodefisiensi primer (PIDD) seperti dilansir Boston Children's Hospital, merupakan sekelompok kondisi bawaan yang dimiliki sejak lahir, yang disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik yang dipicu masalah pada sel darah putih seperti limfosit T atau limfosit B.

Imunodefisiensi sekunder

Ada banyak faktor yang menyebabkan imunodefisiensi sekunder antara lain:

  • Terapi radiasi atau kemoterapi - agen obat yang digunakan untuk menyerang sel kanker seringkali juga mempengaruhi sel yang membelah secara aktif, termasuk sel di sumsum tulang yang menghasilkan sel darah putih. Akibatnya, jumlah sel darah putih seringkali menurun saat seseorang menjalani kemoterapi.
  • Penyakit kronis seperti kanker, HIV/AIDS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis - penyakit kanker tertentu terkadang menyebabkan seseorang mengalami imunokompromais bahkan tanpa menjalani kemoterapi.
  • Luka bakar yang parah
  • Leukemia dan limfoma -  leukimia adalah kanker darah yang menyebabkan tubuh memproduksi sel darah putih yang abnormal, dan sel darah putih dibutuhkan untuk merespon infeksi
  • Malnutrisi
  • Pengobatan yang menyebabkan penurunan sistem kekebalan tubuh, misalnya seperti penggunaan kortikosteroid jangka panjang
  • Infeksi kronis
  • Usia - seiring bertambahnya usia, tubuh menghasilkan lebih sedikit sel T, makrofag dan protein pelengkap, yang ketiganya adalah bagian penting dari sistem kekebalan tubuh

Orang dengan imunokompromais memiliki risiko tinggi terinfeksi Covid-19, mereka memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah untuk melawan infeksi virus dibandingkan mereka yang memiliki tubuh yang sehat. Akibatnya risiko dirawat di rumah sakit dan penggunaan ventilator meningkat ketika mereka terinfeksi Covid-19.

Terkait Covid-19, vaksinasi adalah cara terbaik untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap infeksi virus SARS-Cov-2, sehingga risiko untuk terinfeksi, dirawat di rumah sakit, dan penggunaan ventilator dapat ditekan. Pantau selalu fasilitas kesehatan terdekat di rumah Anda, dan penuhi vaksin primer dosis 1 dan 2 serta dapatkan booster vaksin untuk memberikan perlindungan lebih bagi Anda. 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Kamis, 13 April 2023 | 21:09

WebMD (2021). What Does Immunocompromised Mean?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-does-immunocompromised-mean

Penn Medicine (2020). What You Need to Know About Being Immunocompromised During COVID-19. Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/health-and-wellness/2020/may/what-it-means-to-be-immunocompromised

Elizabeth Boskey, PhD (2020). What It Means to Be Immunocompromised. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-it-means-to-be-immunocompromised-have-immune-deficiency-3132870

Boston Children's Hospital. Primary Immunodeficiency Symptoms & Causes. Available from: https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/p/primary-immunodeficiency/symptoms-and-causes

Jeffrey Weishaupt (2021). What to Know About Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/what-to-know-secondary-immunodeficiency-disorders

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        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.14msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7720 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • 0: 2641
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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