Anosmia: Penyebab dan Cara Mengobatinya

Anosmia: Penyebab dan Cara Mengobatinya

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Anosmia adalah hilangnya sebagian atau keseluruhan indera penciuman. Kondisi ini bisa terjadi sementara atau permanen, tergantung pada faktor penyebabnya.

Kehilangan indera penciuman sementara, seperti dilansir NHS UK disebabkan oleh:

  • Pilek atau flu
  • Infeksi covid-19
  • Infeksi sinus (sinusitis)
  • Alergi
  • Tumbuhnya polip di dalam hidung

Sedangkan kehilangan penciuman permanen, seperti dilansir Healthline dapat disebabkan oleh adanya tumor otak atau cedera trauma pada kepala.

Secara teknis, anosmia disebabkan oleh adanya peradangan dan penyumbatan di dalam hidung sehingga menyebabkan bau tidak dapat masuk ke saluran hidung atas. Anosmia juga terkadang disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan sistem otak di mana sinyal yang dikirim hidung ke otak terhambat akibat adanya kerusakan jalur ke otak.

Ada beberapa kondisi yang menyebabkan kerusakan jalur ke otak, antara lain:

  • Usia lanjut
  • Penyakit alzheimer 
  • Tumor otak
  • Penyakit Huntington
  • Masalah hormon
  • Tiroid yang tidak aktif
  • Pengobatan tertentu seperti antibiotik atau obat darah tinggi
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Penyakit Parkinson
  • Schizophrenia
  • Epilepsi
  • Diabetes
  • Paparan bahan kimia yang terbakar dan masuk ke dalam hidung
  • Cedera otak atau kepala
  • Operasi otak
  • Malnutrisi
  • Terapi radiasi
  • Ketergantungan alkohol
  • Stroke

Pada beberapa kasus langka, seseorang bisa mengalami anosmia akibat kondisi genetik. Anosmia jenis ini disebut dengan congenital anosmia.

Untuk mendeteksi dan mencari pengobatan yang tepat dokter perlu melakukan beberapa pemeriksaan antara lain:

  • CT Scan
  • MRI scan
  • X-ray
  • endoskopi hidung

Penderita anosmia cenderung kehilangan napsu makan karena tidak dapat mencium aroma makanan. Kondisi tersebut dapat memicu penurunan berat badan dan malnutrisi.

Pada kondisi ringan, penciuman bisa kembali dalam beberapa minggu. Namun pada anosmia yang disebabkan oleh polip, dokter harus memeriksa seberapa besar pertumbuhan polip yang dapat mengganggu indera penciuman dan apakah ada infeksi di dalam hidung.

Dilansir WebMD, dokter juga akan melakukan pemeriksaan tenggorokan pada keluhan anosmia yang disebabkan oleh infeksi sinus. Dokter juga akan membutuhkan bantuan pemeriksaan CT Scan untuk melihat area infeksi dengan lebih baik.

Untuk meringankan gejala anosmia, ada beberapa obat yang mungkin diberikan seperti dilansir Healthline berikut:

  • Dekongestan - untuk melegakan hidung kembali sehingga memudahkan untuk bernapas lega
  • Antihistamin
  • Nasal spray
  • Antibiotik - bila ada infeksi bakteri
  • Irigasi hidung

Pada kondisi adanya polip di dalam hidung, operasi mungkin dibutuhkan untuk mengeluarkan polip dari dalam hidung agar hidung bisa kembali mencium bau.

Jika Anda adalah perokok aktif, maka disarankan untuk berhenti merokok agar indera penciuman dapat kembali normal.

 

Ditulis oleh Agatha | Diulas secara medis oleh dr. Ayu Munawaroh | Diperbarui pada 2 November 2021.

Sumber:

  1. NHS UK. Lost or changed sense of smell (2020). Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/.
  2. Cafasso J. What Is Anosmia? (2019). Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/anosmia.
  3. Marks H. What is Anosmia? (2021). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/anosmia-loss-of-smell#2-4.
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 891 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new730μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 2 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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        Hints
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        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new790μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.02msselect * from `term_policies`
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      App\Models\Admin\Category
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      App\Models\Admin\Post
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      App\Models\TermPolicy
      3TermPolicy.php#?
      App\User
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      App\Models\Admin\Page
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          #12025-04-14 13:21:21GET/covid-19/anosmia-penyebab-dan-cara-mengobatinya102731