Sakit Kepala Cluster, Apa Penyebabnya?

Sakit Kepala Cluster, Apa Penyebabnya?
Ilustrasi sakit kepala berat. Credits: Freepik.

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Apakah Anda pernah secara tiba-tiba mengalami serangkaian serangan sakit kepala di salah satu sisi disertai dengan kemerahan di salah satu mata, berkeringat di salah satu sisi kepala yang nyeri, wajah pucat, pembengkakan di salah satu sisi kepala yang nyeri, atau kelopak di salah satu sisi mata terkulai? Serangan sakit kepala ini disebut dengan sakit kepala cluster.

Sakit kepala cluster adalah jenis sakit kepala yang langka dan jarang dialami seseorang. Walaupun sakit kepala cluster tidak membahayakan jiwa, serangan rasa sakit dan gejala yang ditimbulkannya sangat berat dan bisa memengaruhi kualitas hidup penderitanya.

 

Kemungkinan Penyebab Sakit Kepala Cluster

Hingga saat ini para ilmuwan dan dokter belum sepenuhnya memahami apa penyebab utama sakit kepala cluster ini. Namun, dari kasus-kasus yang pernah terjadi, para ahli menemukan bahwa ada beberapa faktor yang berperan terhadap munculnya sakit kepala cluster, di antaranya:

Pelepasan histamin dan serotonin

Masih dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut karena bukti terkait pelepasan histamin dan serotonin tidak terlalu konsisten. Namun, diduga terdapat peningkatan kadar histamin dalam jumlah kecil yang bisa memicu sakit kepala cluster. Histamin sendiri adalah adalah senyawa kimia yang terlibat dalam berbagai proses di tubuh, biasanya dihasilkan sistem kekebalan tubuh sebagai respon terhadap alergi atau peradangan.

 

Selain itu, ditemukan juga pelepasan serotonin juga pada area saraf trigeminus di wajah. Diduga terjadi malfungsi pada neurotransmitter (zat kimia yang bertugas mengirim pesan dari sel saraf ke sel target), terutama serotonin, yang memicu sakit kepala cluster.

Baca Juga: Screen Time yang Tinggi dapat Meningkatkan Sakit Kepala, Ini Cara Mencegahnya

Keterlibatan hipotalamus

Hipotalamus adalah sebuah area kecil di otak yang memiliki peran dalam mengatur siklus tidur, suhu tubuh, dan sistem hormonal. Walaupun sampai sekarang masih belum diketahui penyebab pasti dari sakit kepala cluster, diduga terdapat keterlibatan hipotalamus dalam timbulnya sakit kepala cluster.

Peran hipotalamus bisa dibilang cukup kompleks dalam mengatur fungsi tubuh. Mekanisme pastinya belum dipahami sepenuhnya sehingga para ahli juga belum bisa memberikan penjelasan lebih lanjut.

Faktor pencetus

Diduga terdapat beberapa faktor pencetus yang mengaktifkan persarafan trigeminus, yang diinterpretasikan otak sebagai nyeri pada kepala dan wajah. Ketika seseorang sedang dalam periode cluster, faktor-faktor ini bisa mencetuskan sakit kepala, seperti:

  • Bau tajam
  • Panas
  • Asap rokok
  • Cahaya yang terang
  • Aktivitas fisik berlebihan
  • Mengonsumsi minuman beralkohol
  • Melakukan kegiatan di atas ketinggian tertentu
  • Penyalahgunaan kokain

 

Jenis kelamin dan usia

Sakit kepala cluster lebih sering ditemukan pada pria daripada wanita, dan lebih sering dialami di usia 20-an hingga paruh baya. Perbedaan kelamin atau faktor lain terkait hal ini juga belum dipahami sepenuhnya oleh para ilmuwan.

 

Ciri Utama Sakit Kepala Cluster

Ciri utama sakit kepala cluster yang membedakan dari sakit kepala lainnya adalah:

  • Cepat, di mana sakit kepala cluster bisa muncul secara tiba-tiba dalam waktu 5-10 menit
  • Rasa sakit hebat yang dirasakan di belakang mata dan salah satu sisi kepala saja, dapat menjalar ke dahi, pelipis, telinga, pipi, gusi dan leher 
  • Rasa sakit bisa bertahan dalam kurun 15 menit hingga 3 jam, dengan rata-rata durasi nyeri sekitar 30-90 menit
  • Serangan sakit kepala cluster di malam hari bisa lebih parah daripada yang menyerang di siang hari, hingga dapat membangunkan Anda dari tidur
  • Pada sisi kepala yang sakit, mata bisa merah dan berair, hidung tersumbat, berkeringat, kemerahan atau pembengkakan
  • Frekuensi sakit kepala ini diperkirakan terjadi setiap hari selama 2 minggu hingga 3 bulan, dan terdapat periode bebas nyeri di antaranya

Baca Juga: Sakit Kepala Setelah Berhubungan Intim, Ini Yang Perlu Diketahui

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Apabila ini adalah serangan sakit kepala cluster yang pertama bagi Anda, maka sebaiknya periksakan diri ke dokter. Dokter akan membantu untuk merekomendasikan pengobatan yang efektif untuk gejala yang Anda alami.

Anda juga perlu memeriksakan diri apabila sakit kepala yang dirasakan sangat parah hingga mengganggu kehidupan sehari-hari. Sakit kepala juga perlu diperiksa bila Anda merasakan gejala lain seperti mual-muntah atau kaku leher, atau bila sakit kepala dirasakan setelah cedera kepala.

Bila serangan sakit kepala cluster kembali, Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care untuk bisa mendapatkan saran dokter yang efektif melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Rabu, 9 Agustus 2023 | 04:59

WebMD (2022). Cluster Headaches. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/cluster-headaches 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Cluster headache. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cluster-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20352080 

Medline Plus (2021). Cluster headache. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000786.htm 

University of Rochester Medical Center. The Cluster Headache: Just Like Clockwork. Available from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=56&contentid=723 

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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.51msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1604 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.5msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1709 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.67msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1726 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.61msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10088 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
      • 0: 10007
      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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