Fobia: Mengenal Gejala dan Jenisnya Secara Umum

Fobia: Mengenal Gejala dan Jenisnya Secara Umum

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Fobia adalah rasa takut luar biasa yang dapat melemahkan seseorang terhadap suatu benda, situasi, tempat, perasaan atau hewan. Fobia adalah perasaan yang lebih besar dibanding rasa takut, yang terkadang dipicu oleh hal-hal yang ada di sekitar kita. Biasanya, orang yang memiliki fobia akan menghindar sejauh mungkin dari faktor pemicu fobianya. Fobia dapat menjadi semakin parah ketika orang yang memilikinya tidak bisa mengatasi kecemasan yang dia alami, dan hal ini menyebabkan tekanan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. 

 

Dilansir NHS UK, fobia digolongkan ke dalam gangguan kecemasan yang hanya akan dialami ketika ada kontak dengan sumber pemicunya. Ketika terjadi kontak antara penderita dengan faktor pemicu fobianya, maka reaksi utama yang akan muncul dari penderita adalah perasaan panik dan kecemasan parah.

Penyebab fobia

Penyebab pasti dari fobia masih belum diketahui. Ada teori yang diusulkan mengenai terbentuknya fobia dalam diri manusia, yaitu teori asosiasi, saat seseorang mengalami sesuatu yang sangat emosional dan menimbulkan ketakutan serta kekhawatiran, orang tersebut akan mengaitkan suatu aktivitas normal dengan rasa takut yang dialaminya saat itu. Contohnya pada orang yang mengalami kecelakaan mobil, lalu di kemudian hari dia memiliki fobia berkendara. 

Gejala fobia

Berikut adalah gejala ketika seseorang mengalami fobia:

  • Tubuh tidak berdiri dengan seimbang, pusing, kepala terasa ringan
  • Tubuh berguncang
  • Mual
  • Keringat berlebih
  • Peningkatan detak jantung
  • Nafas pendek
  • Perut terasa tidak enak

Jenis fobia

Umumnya fobia ini muncul di usia anak-anak dan semakin parah ketika usianya bertambah. Kendati masih perlu dilakukan penelitian terkait fobia, banyak pasien yang ditemukan memiliki riwayat keluarga terkait suatu fobia spesifik. Fobia yang spesifik/sederhana bisa dikategorikan sebagai berikut:

  • Fobia hewan (anjing, laba-laba, ular, hewan pengerat)
  • Fobia lingkungan (ketinggian, perairan dalam, bakteri, badai)
  • Fobia situasional (saat menemui dokter gigi, pesawat, lift, tempat tertutup)
  • Fobia terkait injeksi darah (jarum suntik, prosedur medis)
  • Fobia seksual (kecemasan akan performa seksual, kecemasan akan tertular penyakit menular seksual)

Ada juga fobia yang berkembang saat dewasa karena timbulnya sebuah ketakutan mendalam akan situasi tertentu. Fobia ini dinamakan fobia kompleks, dua fobia kompleks yang paling sering kita temukan antara lain:

  • Agorafobia

Agorafobia adalah fobia yang muncul saat seseorang berada di suatu tempat atau situasi yang sulit dihindari, dalam kondisi ini bisa terjadi serangan panik. Fobia ini bisa dialami saat penderita sedang sendiri, berada di tempat ramai, atau berada di transportasi umum.

  • Fobia sosial

Fobia ini dikenal juga sebagai gangguan kecemasan sosial, di mana ada rasa takut yang muncul ketika berada dalam situasi sosial tertentu. Misalnya, ketika harus berbicara di depan publik dan takut dipermalukan atau takut tidak mampu berbicara.

Untuk mencegah pengaruh buruk fobia pada berbagai aspek kehidupan, penderita disarankan untuk melakukan konsultasi dengan psikolog. Walaupun pada beberapa kasus, riwayat genetik mempengaruhi fobia tertentu, namun bantuan psikolog diharapkan dapat mencegah reaksi negatif pada kasus ekstrem seperti mengakhiri hidup.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 09:45

Mayo Clinic Staff (2016). Specific phobias. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/specific-phobias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355156

 

NHS (2018). Overview - Phobias. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/overview/

Samra C, Abdijadid S (2021). Specific Phobia. NCBI Statpearl. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499923/

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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