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Sudah Tahu Istilah Epidemi, Pandemi, Endemi? Ketahui Perbedaannya

Sudah Tahu Istilah Epidemi, Pandemi, Endemi? Ketahui Perbedaannya
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Sejak Covid-19 muncul di akhir tahun 2019, seluruh dunia sempat dibuat kewalahan dengan pertambahan kasus infeksi dan angka kematian yang tinggi. Penularannya yang mudah melalui droplets di saat bersin atau batuk membuat banyak orang termasuk anak-anak, dewasa dan lansia yang jatuh sakit.

Penggunaan masker, pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat hingga lockdown dilakukan pemerintah untuk mencegah infeksi semakin menyebar. WHO mengumumkan infeksi Covid-19 sebagai pandemi, di mana seluruh dunia berjuang bersama melawan ganasnya infeksi SARS-Cov-2 ini.

Wabah penyakit dikelompokkan berdasarkan tingkat penyebarannya, yaitu epidemi, pandemi dan endemi. Disini akan dibahas secara singkat apa perbedaan di antara ketiganya.

 

Apa itu Epidemi?

CDC menggambarkan epidemi sebagai peningkatan tak terduga dari jumlah kasus penyakit di wilayah geografis tertentu, misalnya seperti demam kuning, cacar, campak dan polio. Epidemi bisa berupa penyakit yang menular dan tidak menular, contohnya peningkatan kasus obesitas atau kebiasaan merokok, dengan angka peningkatan yang berada di atas normal di suatu daerah.

 

Apa itu Pandemi?

Menurut WHO, pandemi adalah pertumbuhan penyakit yang jumlah kasusnya meroket dari hari ke hari, yang kemudian melintasi batas-batas internasional dan menjangkau wilayah geografis yang luas. Suatu penyakit dikatakan sebagai pandemi bila terjadi di banyak negara dan masyarakat, sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan sosial dan ekonomi skala besar yang sulit dikendalikan.

Rasanya sudah cukup lama sejak istilah pandemi terakhir digunakan. Sebelum Covid-19, dunia sempat dihadapkan dengan beberapa penyakit yang membunuh jutaan orang, di antaranya:

  • The Black Death (tahun 1346-1353)

Wabah yang disebabkan oleh bakteri yang disebut Yernisia pestis ini disebut telah menyebabkan kematian 25 juta orang di seluruh dunia. Infeksi bakteri menyebabkan wabah pada manusia seperti pes yang ditandai dengan pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening, demam, kelelahan, delirium, sensitif terhadap cahaya; radang paru-paru berat di mana paru-paru terisi oleh cairan yang dapat membahayakan nyawa; septikemia atau infeksi yang sudah menyebar ke aliran darah dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan organ.

  • Wabah Amerika (abad ke-16)

Sekelompok penyakit Eurasia yang dibawa ke benua Amerika oleh penjelajah Eropa, salah satunya adalah cacar yang berkontribusi menyebabkan runtuhnya peradaban Inca dan Aztec. Penelitian memperkirakan 90% penduduk asli belahan barat menjadi korban jiwa atas wabah ini.

  • Pandemi Flu (tahun 1889-1890)

Kemudahan transportasi memungkinkan penyebaran virus influenza di AS dan sekitarnya. Dalam hitungan bulan, influenza menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Walaupun saat itu belum ada fakta tentang transportasi udara, namun 1 juta orang tewas karenanya.

  • Flu Spanyol (tahun 1918-1920)

Wabah penyakit besar selain pandemi influenza adalah flu Spanyol, yang dimulai segera setelah Perang Dunia I. Dalam hitungan dua tahun saja, lebih dari 50 juta kematian tercatat selama wabah ini.

  • Flu Asia (tahun 1957-1958)

Pandemi Flu Asia disebut sebagai campuran dari virus flu burung yang merenggut total korban tewas sekitar 1,1 juta jiwa di seluruh dunia.

  • Pandemi dan Epidemi AIDS (1981-sekarang)

Sejak pertama kali ditemukan, AIDS telah merenggut sekitar 35 juta jiwa. Para ilmuwan percaya bahwa virus ini pertama kali ditemukan pada simpanse yang kemudian berpindah ke manusia pada tahun 1920-an. Virus ini kemudian menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan belum ditemukan obatnya.

Adapun obat yang dikembangkan hanyalah meringankan gejala, mencegah komplikasi dan memperpanjang kehidupan normal dengan perawatan yang teratur.

 

Apa itu Epidemi?

Wabah penyakit disebut endemi jika terjadi secara konsisten tetapi terbatas pada wilayah tertentu. Penyebaran penyakitnya pun berada di tingkat yang dapat diprediksi dari waktu ke waktu. Saat ini, wabah yang masuk dalam kategori epidemi misalnya seperti malaria, demam berdarah, dan hepatitis B.

 

Menurunnya angka positif Covid-19 secara konsisten di Indonesia menunjukan bahwa penyakit tersebut menuju ke arah endemi. Pun demikian, untuk mencegah penyebaran dan peningkatan kasusnya kembali, Anda tetap disarankan untuk menjalani protokol kesehatan yang ada. Tetap menggunakan masker saat melakukan kegiatan di dalam ruangan, memiliki komorbid tertentu, berusia lanjut, atau sedang flu dan batuk.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 02:36

Columbia University (2021). Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic: What are the Differences?. Available from: https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/epidemic-endemic-pandemic-what-are-differences

Mayo Clinic (2022). Endemic vs. epidemic vs. pandemic: What you need to know. Available from: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/endemic-epidemic-pandemic

Britannica. Black Death. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death

Geng, C. (2022). What is the difference between pandemic, endemic, and epidemic?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pandemic-vs-endemic

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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new750μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 3 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 3
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2199 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2199
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.59msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 98 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 98
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new850μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 5
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.89msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1915 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1915
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6455 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6455
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7025 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7025
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7326 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7326
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6827 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6827
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6614 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6614
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 2726
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.37msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 349 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 349
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new890μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 5
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new670μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new660μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new700μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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