Mencegah Hepatitis Akut pada Anak saat Sudah Kembali Bersekolah

Mencegah Hepatitis Akut pada Anak saat Sudah Kembali Bersekolah
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Kian hari kasus hepatitis akut misterius pada anak-anak dilaporkan semakin bertambah jumlahnya. Kasus ini menurut WHO pertama kali dipublikasikan pada 15 April 2022 di Inggris Raya dan Irlandia Utara. Pada 21 April 2022, belasan negara turut melaporkan kasus yang sama, ditemukan pada anak-anak usia 1 bulan hingga 16 tahun. Di antara kasus yang ada saat itu, sekitar 17 anak dilaporkan membutuhkan transplantasi hati.

 

Apa Itu Hepatitis Akut yang Belum Diketahui Etiologinya?

Hepatitis adalah peradangan hati yang dapat disebabkan oleh hal yang berbeda-beda, seperti infeksi virus, keracunan obat-obatan atau zat tertentu. Peradangan hati yang terjadi dengan cepat dan tiba-tiba disebut dengan hepatitis akut.

Pada KLB hepatitis akut yang menyerang anak-anak, gejala yang dialami menunjukkan adanya peradangan pada hati, namun penyebabnya bukanlah virus hepatitis A, B, C, D maupun E. Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium tidak menunjukkan adanya infeksi virus hepatitis A, B, C, D maupun E. Para ilmuwan masih belum yakin apa penyebab utamanya, karena pada sebagian anak juga ditemukan adenovirus, dan SARS-Cov-2. Inilah mengapa kasus ini disebut misterius karena belum diketahui etiologinya (penyebab).

 

Gejala Hepatitis Akut Misterius

Hepatitis akut misterius ditandai dengan beberapa gejala sebagai berikut:

  • Penurunan kesadaran
  • Demam tinggi atau adanya riwayat demam
  • Perubahan warna urine menjadi lebih gelap, dan atau kotoran tinja yang berwarna pucat
  • Kuning (jaundice)
  • Gatal
  • Nyeri sendi atau pegal-pegal
  • Demam tinggi
  • Mual, muntah, dan nyeri di perut
  • Lesu dan kehilangan nafsu makan
  • Diare

Selain itu, kadar AST/SGOT dan ALT/SGPT lebih dari 500 U/L di mana normalnya pada anak-anak SGOT/SGPT berkisar 10-40 IU/l.

 

Mencegah Hepatitis Akut Misterius

Hingga saat ini, Kementerian Kesehatan masih melakukan investigasi melalui pemeriksaan panel virus lengkap dan penyelidikan epidemiologi untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut segala sesuatu tentang penyakit ini.

Prof. Dr. dr. Hanifah Oswari, Sp. A, dokter Spesialis Anak Konsultan Gastro Hepatologi RSCM FK UI menyebutkan bahwa dugaan awal hepatitis akut misterius pada anak ini disebabkan oleh Adenovirus, SARS CoV-2, virus ABV dan lain sebagainya. Virus tersebut utamanya dapat menyerang saluran cerna dan saluran pernafasan. Untuk mencegah risiko infeksinya, orang tua dihimbau untuk lebih waspada dan melakukan tindakan pencegahan.

Saat ini anak-anak sudah kembali bersekolah dan melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah, bagaimana agar anak-anak terhindar dari KLB hepatitis akut misterius ini? Berikut adalah beberapa tindakan pencegahan yang bisa dilakukan:

 

Tindakan pencegahan terkait dengan saluran cerna

  • Rutin mencuci tangan dengan air bersih dan sabun terutama setelah menggunakan kamar mandi atau sebelum makan
  • Menggunakan hand sanitizer apabila belum dapat mengakses sabun dan air
  • Tidak berbagi peralatan makan dengan orang lain termasuk anggota keluarga yang sakit
  • Tidak makan makanan mentah atau setengah matang
  • Mencuci buah dan sayuran terlebih dahulu sebelum dimakan
  • Sebisa mungkin menghindari minum minuman dengan es batu dan pilih air kemasan atau membawa bekal air minum sendiri ketika bepergian
  • Menghindari makan jajanan di pinggir jalan yang kurang higienis

 

Tindakan pencegahan terkait dengan saluran pernafasan

  • Seringkali mencuci air dengan sabun dan air bersih, terutama sebelum menyentuh area hidung, mata dan mulut
  • Menggunakan masker dengan benar ketika bepergian
  • Menjaga jarak
  • Mengurangi mobilitas

 

Untuk menghadapi KLB hepatitis akut misterius ini diperlukan kerja sama solid dengan orang tua, tenaga kesehatan, dan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan. Untuk itu, apabila ada gejala yang muncul pada anak, sekalipun itu adalah gejala ringan, segera bawa anak untuk mendapatkan pemeriksaan dan pertolongan medis di fasilitas kesehatan terdekat. Jangan menunda sampai gejalanya menjadi berat agar anak dapat diselamatkan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 10:09

Children's Liver Disease Foundation. Tests and Investigations. Available from: https://childliverdisease.org/liver-information/tests-and-investigations/

Widyawati. (2022). Hepatitis Akut Menular Lewat Saluran Cerna dan Saluran Pernafasan, Begini Cara Mencegahnya. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20220505/1239785/hepatitis-akut-menular-lewat-saluran-cerna-dan-saluran-pernafasan-begini-cara-mencegahnya/

WHO (2022). Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376

PAHO (2022). Q&A - Acute severe hepatitis in children. Available from: https://www.paho.org/en/news/3-5-2022-qa-acute-severe-hepatitis-children

Loudin, A. (2022). Hepatitis Outbreak in Children: What to Know. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/news/20220503/hepatitis-outbreak-in-children-what-to-know

Pietrangelo, A., Yetman, D. (2021). What to Know About Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu). Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/viral-gastroenteritis#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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