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  • Mengenal Penyakit Rabies, Infeksi Virus dari Hewan yang Dapat Merusak Saraf

Mengenal Penyakit Rabies, Infeksi Virus dari Hewan yang Dapat Merusak Saraf

Mengenal Penyakit Rabies, Infeksi Virus dari Hewan yang Dapat Merusak Saraf

Bagikan :


Bagi Anda yang memiliki hewan peliharaan atau sering menghabiskan waktu bersama binatang liar di alam sebaiknya perlu mewaspadai penyakit rabies. Pasalnya, gigitan hewan merupakan salah satu cara penularan virus rabies yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi serius dan menyerang saraf.

 

Pengertian penyakit rabies dan cara penularannya

Di Indonesia, penyakit rabies dikenal dengan istilah anjing gila. Nama tersebut diberikan karena anjing atau hewan yang terinfeksi rabies akan menunjukkan perilaku agresif, gelisah, tidak nafsu makan, kejang, terlihat gelisah dan takut tanpa sebab. Gejala ini muncul karena virus rabies menyerang sistem saraf pusat mamalia sehingga baik manusia atau hewan yang terinfeksi dapat menunjukkan perubahan perilaku yang mencolok.

Virus rabies hanya ditemukan pada binatang, namun jika manusia terinfeksi virus rabies dan tidak ditangani dengan tepat maka hal ini dapat menyebabkan infeksi serius yang menyebabkan kematian. Pada manusia, virus rabies dapat menular dari hewan melalui kontak langsung dengan air liur hewan yang terinfeksi rabies. Penularan virus dapat terjadi melalui gigitan atau luka terbuka yang terkena air liur hewan dengan rabies.

Penularan virus rabies umumnya melalui hewan liar seperti anjing, kelelawar, rakun, sigung, dan serigala. Namun dilansir dari CDC, hewan peliharaan seperti anjing, kucing, kuda, dan sapi juga dapat menularkan virus rabies.

 

Gejala penyakit rabies pada manusia

Masa inkubasi penyakit rabies dapat bervariasi mulai dari 1-3 bulan, bahkan 1 tahun. Umumnya ketika gejala pertama muncul, penyakit sudah mulai menginfeksi dengan serius. Gejala awal yang muncul pada penyakit rabies mirip dengan gejala flu seperti demam, sakit kepala, mual dan muntah.

Setelah beberapa hari, gejala ini dapat berkembang menjadi gejala berikut:

  • Agitasi, yaitu munculnya perasaan gelisah dan mudah marah
  • Gangguan kecemasan
  • Rasa nyeri di bekas gigitan
  • Halusinasi
  • Produksi air liur berlebih
  • Sulit menelan dan bernapas
  • Kejang otot
  • Sensitif pada cahaya
  • Takut air

Seiring berjalannya waktu, gejala yang muncul dapat menjadi lebih parah terutama pada bagian pernapasan dan gangguan sistem saraf lainnya. Apabila Anda menunjukkan gejala di atas setelah mendapat gigitan, maka sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter.

 

Penanganan penyakit rabies

Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, berikut ini beberapa hal yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah infeksi rabies semakin memburuk:

1. Penanganan luka cakar atau gigitan hewan yang tepat

Untuk menangani luka yang berasal dari cakaran dan gigitan hewan, maka yang perlu Anda lakukan pertama kali adalah segera membersihkan luka dengan air dan sabun. Bersihkan luka dengan air mengalir selama beberapa menit, lalu setelah kering oleskan krim antibiotik dan tutup luka dengan perban. Apabila memungkinkan, Anda juga dapat pergi ke rumah sakit terdekat untuk mendapatkan penanganan luka yang tepat.

2. Suntikan untuk melawan virus rabies

Apabila Anda mendapat gigitan dari hewan yang diketahui memiliki rabies, Anda perlu mendapat beberapa suntikan untuk mencegah infeksi. Suntikan yang akan diberikan antara lain:

  • Suntikan reaksi cepat atau rabies immune globulin (HRIG) adalah suntikan yang berfungsi untuk mencegah infeksi virus dalam tubuh. Suntikan ini diberikan jika Anda belum pernah mendapatkan vaksin rabies. Lokasi suntikan HRIG berada di sekitar area gigitan dan sebaiknya diberikan sesegera mungkin setelah tergigit hewan.
  • Vaksin rabies, diberikan agar tubuh memiliki antibodi untuk melawan infeksi virus rabies. Suntikan ini diberikan di lengan dan akan disuntikkan sebanyak 4 kali dalam waktu 1 bulan jika Anda belum pernah mendapatkan vaksin rabies sebelumnya. Apabila Anda sudah pernah mendapatkan vaksin, maka Anda hanya perlu mendapatkan 2 suntikan dalam rentang waktu tiga hari pertama.

Meskipun virus rabies umumnya hanya ada pada binatang liar, namun hewan peliharaan dan hewan ternak juga berisiko menjadi sarana penularan virus rabies. Oleh karena itu, bagi Anda yang memiliki hewan peliharaan dan memiliki pekerjaan yang berisiko tinggi akan rabies sebaiknya menerima vaksinasi rabies dan memberi vaksin rabies pada hewan peliharaan. Selain itu, hindari berinteraksi dengan hewan liar untuk mencegah kontak langsung dengan air liur hewan liar tersebut.

 

Baca lebih banyak artikel mengenai penyakit di sini.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 21:19

CDC. (2022). Animals and Rabies. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/animals/index.html

WebMD. (2021). What is Rabies?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rabies

CDC. (2020). What is Rabies?. Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/about.html

Mayo Clinic. Rabies. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821

Mayo Clinic Staff. Animal Bites: First Aid. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-animal-bites/basics/art-20056591

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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