Apa Saja Jenis Leukemia yang Sering Dialami Anak-Anak?

Apa Saja Jenis Leukemia yang Sering Dialami Anak-Anak?

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Leukemia atau kanker darah merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang sering menyerang anak. Menurut WHO, sekitar 400.000 anak-anak dan remaja terdiagnosis kanker setiap tahunnya, dan salah satu jenis kanker yang paling sering dialami anak-anak adalah kanker darah atau leukemia.

 

Penyebab leukemia pada anak

Kanker pada anak memiliki beberapa perbedaan dengan kanker pada dewasa. Jika pada orang dewasa kanker bisa disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari faktor genetik, gaya hidup dan faktor lingkungan, penyebab kanker pada anak seringkali berhubungan dengan perubahan gen atau mutasi gen yang diturunkan dari orang tua ke anak.

Leukemia pada anak dapat terjadi ketika DNA dari sumsum tulang bermutasi sehingga gagal bekembang dan berfungsi dengan normal. Sumsum tulang memproduksi banyak sel darah putih yang tidak normal. Sel-sel abnormal ini kemudian menyebar melalui peredaran darah dan dapat menginfeksi sel-sel sehat lainnya. Tidak seperti sel darah putih yang sehat, sel-sel tersebut tidak bisa melindungi tubuh penderitanya dari infeksi.

 

Jenis-jenis leukemia pada anak

Dilansir dari Kids Health, jenis leukemia yang paling sering terjadi pada anak adalah acute lymphotoc leukemia (ALL) atau leukemia limfositik akut dan acute myeloid leukemia (AML) atau leukemia mieloid akut. Sedangkan dua jenis leukemia yang jarang terjadi merupakan leukemia kronis, yaitu chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) dan juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Berikut ini perbedaan di antara keempatnya:

1. Leukemia limfoblastik akut atau acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Leukemia limfoblastik akut terjadi ketika tubuh menghasilkan terlalu banyak salah satu jenis sel darah putih yang disebut limfosit. Penyakit ini merupakan leukemia yang paling sering dialami oleh anak-anak. Beberapa gejala yang umum dialami antara lain anemia, dimana tubuh mengalami kekurangan sel darah merah. Hal ini terjadi karena sumsum tulang mengalami kelainan sehingga memproduksi sel darah merah dalam jumlah lebih sedikit dari biasanya. 

Jumlah sel darah merah yang sangat kurang dapat menyebabkan anak-anak mudah memar, mimisan dan mengalami perdarahan meskipun hanya mengalami luka ringan. Selain anemia, beberapa gejala yang umum dialami penderita ALL adalah wajah pucat, mudah lelah, dan memiliki napas pendek.

2. Leukemia mieloid akut atau acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Leukemia mieloid akut terjadi ketika tubuh membuat terlaly banyak sel darah yang belum matang. Sel-sel ini tidak bisa matang menjadi sel darah putih normal. Penyakit ini merupakan salah satu leukemia yang paling umum dialami oleh anak-anak.

Karena sel darah putih pada anak mengalami kerusakan, maka anak-anak dengan AML mudah mengalami infeksi virus atau bakteri. Pada beberapa kasus, leukemia juga dapat menyebar ke otak dengan gejala sakit kepala, kejang, mengalami masalah keseimbangan dan masalah penglihatan.

3. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia berawal dari penumpukan sel mieloid yang tidak matang secara normal menjadi sel darah putih dalam jumlah besar. Penumpukan ini umumnya terjadi di sumsum tulang belakang sehingga menyebabkan masalah kesehatan.

CML berkembang dengan sangat perlahan. Pada awalnya CML berkembang tanpa gejala dan baru muncul setelah CML berjalan berbulan-bulan atau bertahun-tahun.

4. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia adalah kanker langka yang berkembang ketika dua jenis sel darah putih yang disebut monosit dan myelosit, tidak matang secara normal. Kanker ini umumnya didiagnosis pada anak-anak usia di bawah 4 tahun hingga remaja. Jenis kanker ini lebih banyak dijumpai pada anak laki-laki dibandingkan dengan anak perempuan.

 

Secara umum gejala leukemia pada anak antara lain anemia, badan mudah memar dan berdarah, nyeri tulang dan persendian, serta anak-anak mudah mengalami infeksi bakteri dan virus. Pada beberapa kasus, anak-anak juga mengalami pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening, sesak napas dan nyeri perut.

Beberapa jenis kanker dapat berkembang dengan sangat cepat, untuk itu diperlukan pemeriksaan dan penanganan yang cepat sejak dini. Sebagian besar penanganan kanker pada anak memiliki angka keberhasilan yang cukup tinggi. Untuk itu, apabila anak-anak menunjukkan gejala kanker seperti di atas sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter.

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 04:44

WHO. (2021) Childhood cancer. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer-in-children

Kids Health. (2019). Leukemia. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cancer-leukemia.html

Kids Health. (2021). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/all.html

Kids Health. (2021) Acute Myleoid Leukemia (AML). Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/aml.html

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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