Jenis-Jenis Paralisis (Kelumpuhan) dan Penanganannya

Jenis-Jenis Paralisis (Kelumpuhan) dan Penanganannya
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Kelumpuhan, atau yang dikenal dengan istilah paralisis adalah kondisi dimana anggota tubuh tidak dapat digerakkan. Paralisis disebabkan oleh gangguan pada saraf yang bertugas mengatur gerakan otot tubuh. Kondisi ini dapat bersifat sementara (paralisis temporer) maupun permanen. Selain itu, paralisis juga dapat terjadi pada sebagian kecil area tubuh atau pada area yang lebih luas.

 

Penyebab Paralisis

Dilansir dari Cleveland Clinic, paralisis disebabkan oleh gangguan pada saraf. Salah satu fungsi sistem saraf adalah mengatur gerak otot tubuh. Sistem saraf mengirim sinyal dari otak ke seluruh tubuh agar tubuh dapat bergerak sesuai perintah. Jika sistem saraf mengalami gangguan, maka sinyal tidak bisa diterima oleh otot.

Gangguan sistem saraf ini dapat terjadi karena cacat lahir, stroke, atau cedera saraf tulang belakang. Selain itu gangguan sistem saraf juga dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi medis lainnya seperti multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cedera otak, dan penyakit terkait saraf lainnya.

 

Jenis-Jenis Paralisis

Paralisis dapat dibedakan beradasarkan tingkat keparahan dan lokasi tempat terjadinya kelumpuhan. Dilansir dari WebMD, berikut ini jenis-jenis kelumpuhan yang dapat dialami tubuh manusia:

1. Paralisis komplet

Paralisis komplet adalah ketika Anda tidak dapat menggerakkan atau mengontrol otot yang lumpuh sama sekali. Anda juga tidak dapat merasakan apa pun pada otot-otot tubuh Anda.

2. Paralisis parsial

Paralisis sebagian atau parsial artinya Anda masih bisa merasakan dan mampu mengendalikan otot-otot Anda yang lumpuh. Kondisi ini kadang disebut dengan paresis, dan dapat terjadi di pita suara, lengan, kaki, atau otot perut.

3. Paralisis lokal

Paralisis lokal adalah kelumpuhan yang terjadi di satu area tubuh tertentu seperti wajah, tangan, atau kaki.

4. Paralisis general

Paralisis general terjadi pada bagian tubuh yang lebih luas. Kelumpuhan jenis ini dapat dibagi berdasarkan areanya yaitu:

  • Monoplegia: kelumpuhan yang terjadi pada salah satu anggota tubuh, misalnya Anda tidak bisa menggerakkan lengan.
  • Diplegia: kelumpuhan yang terjadi pada kedua sisi yang sama, misalnya kedua lengan, kedua kaki, atau kedua sisi wajah.
  • Hemiplegia: kelumpuhan yang memengaruhi satu sisi tubuh akibat stroke. Misalnya, lumpuh pada kaki atau tangan sebelah kiri.
  • Quadriplegia: kelumpuhan pada empat tungkai badan yaitu pada kedua tangan dan kedua kaki, biasanya disebabkan oleh cedera otak maupun saraf tulang belakang. 
  • Paraplegia: kelumpuhan dari pinggang ke bawah.

Paralisis juga bisa menyebabkan badan kaku atau yang dikenal dengan istilah spastik. Kondisi ini terjadi ketika otot menjadi kencang dan kejang. Biasanya hal ini terjadi pada orang yang mengalami cerebral palsy. Selain itu paralisis juga bisa terjadi ketika otot menjadi lembek atau menyusut.

Penanganan Paralisis

Pada jenis kelumpuhan temporer atau sementara seperti Bell’s palsy dan tindihan (sleep paralysis), otot gerak tubuh dapat pulih kembali dengan sendirinya. Namun untuk kelumpuhan yang bersifat permanen, kondisi ini sulit untuk kembali seperti semula. Untuk saat ini belum ada terapi yang dapat mengembalikan kerja otot seperti semula.

Meskipun demikian, ada beberapa hal yang bisa dilakukan bagi pasien lumpuh agar tetap dapat beraktivitas seperti terapi fisik, terapi bicara dan terapi okupasi. Pengobatan rehabilitasi medik dapat membantu pasien lumpuh untuk mandiri dan menjalani hidup dengan baik. Jenis perawatan yang dibutuhkan bergantung pada penyebab kelumpuhan dan bagaimana kelumpuhan tersebut memengaruhi kondisi pasien.

Selain terapi, pasien paralisis juga dapat menggunakan alat bantu yang membantu pasien beraktivitas. Alat bantu seperti kursi roda, kruk, tongkat dan alat prostetik lainnya juga bisa digunakan untuk beraktivitas sesuai kondisi pasien.

Paralisis atau kelumpuhan umumnya disebabkan oleh stroke dan cedera pada kepala atau tulang belakang. Ada berbagai jenis kelumpuhan yang dapat terjadi, tergantung dari lokasi dan tingkat keparahannya. Sebagai langkah pencegahan, sebaiknya hindari faktor risiko terjadinya stroke seperti hipertensi, diabetes, obesitas, dan gaya hidup yang tidak sehat. Selain itu, pastikan Anda menggunakan pelindung diri jika melakukan aktivitas yang berbahaya.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 21:42

Slivinski, N. (2021). Types of Paralyisis. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/paralysis-types#091e9c5e81c30067-1-2

Cleveland Clinic. Paralysis. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15345-paralysis

NHS. Paralysis. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/paralysis/#

 

Seladi-Schulman, J. (2020). What You Need to Know About Paresis. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/paresis#definition

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 4989
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.37msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6715 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6715
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 7860
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8119
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 5727
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.36msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5870 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5870
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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