Sering Dikira Sama, Ini Perbedaan ADHD dan Autisme

Sering Dikira Sama, Ini Perbedaan ADHD dan Autisme

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ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) merupakan salah satu gangguan perilaku pada anak yang disebabkan oleh gangguan saraf. Anak dengan ADHD biasanya menunjukkan gejala susah konsentrasi, terlalu aktif, sering bertindak tanpa berpikir dengan matang, dan kerap mencari perhatian. Banyak orang tua yang sering menyamakan kondisi anak ADHD dengan autisme. Padahal keduanya memiliki perbedaan mendasar dan membutuhkan penanganan yang berbeda.

Perbedaan ADHD dan Autisme

Masyarakat awam seringkali sulit membedakan antara ADHD dan autisme karena keduanya bisa ditandai dengan kesulitan berkonsentrasi, gangguan belajar dan memiliki masalah dalam berkomunikasi. Namun sebenarnya ADHD dan autisme adalah dua gangguan kesehatan yang berbeda. Dilansir dari WebMD, berikut ini perbedaan antara ADHD dan autisme:

 

Perilaku

Rentang perhatian

Salah satu perbedaan antara ADHD dan autisme adalah rentang perhatian anak. Anak autis seringkali mengalami kesulitan untuk memusatkan perhatian pada satu kegiatan. Sementara pada anak autis, mereka bisa fokus pada hal yang ia sukai hingga memahami keseluruhan detilnya namun sulit untuk fokus pada hal yang tidak mereka sukai.

Anak autis bisa bicara panjang lebar mengenai acara televisi yang mereka sukai mulai dari alur cerita, pemain, adegan, hingga musik pengiring dengan sangat detail. Namun mereka tidak akan merespon dengan baik ketika membicarakan hal-hal yang tidak menarik perhatian mereka.

Singkatnya, anak dengan ADHD sulit untuk fokus pada hal apa pun, sedangkan anak autisme bisa memusatkan perhatian namun hanya pada hal-hal yang mereka sukai.

Cara berkomunikasi

Anak autisme umumnya lebih sulit untuk menjalin komunikasi terutama dengan orang baru. Mereka juga lebih sulit untuk mengungkapkan perasaan dan pikirannya baik secara verbal maupun non verbal. Selain itu anak autisme juga sering menghindari tatapan mata dengan lawan bicaranya.

Berbeda dengan autisme yang cenderung menghindari interaksi dengan orang lain, anak ADHD bisa bicara tanpa henti. Mereka juga beberapa kali menyela pembicaraan atau mendominasi pembicaraan. Di sisi lain, anak autisme juga dapat bicara panjang lebar namun khusus hanya mengenai topik yang mereka sukai.

Rutinitas

Anak ADHD mudah merasa bosan dengan rutinitas dan jadwal yang sudah terstruktur, termasuk jadwal yang ada di dalam kelas. Mereka tidak akan merasa semangat jika melakukan hal-hal yang sama tanpa variasi sedikitpun.

Sebaliknya, anak autisme umumnya lebih suka melakukan sesuatu yang sama berulang-ulang. Mereka tidak akan merasa keberatan membaca buku yang sama terus-menerus atau menyantap makan malam yang sama setiap malamnya. Justru ketika rutinitas mereka berubah, mereka dapat merasa terganggu.

 

Diagnosis

Meski memiliki gejala yang mirip, namun tidak berarti anak yang sulit berkonsentrasi dan berkomunikasi sudah pasti autisme. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan berbagai pemeriksaan agar dokter dapat mendiagnosis bahwa seseorang mengalami ADHD atau autisme.

Pemeriksaan untuk ADHD umumnya terdiri dari pemeriksaan fisik dan wawancara degan orang tua, guru, serta pengasuh. Wawancara ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat keparahan ADHD yang diderita anak dan memeriksa apakah ada penyakit lain atau gangguan mental lain yang dialami anak.

Sedangkan pada pemeriksaan autisme, dokter perly melakukan tanya jawab mengenai gejala yang dialami pasien sejak usia dini dan riwayat kesehatan keluarga pasien. Pemeriksaan autisme meliputi wawancara, pengisian kuisioner, dan pengamatan perilaku untuk mengetahui gejala dan respon pasien.

 

Terapi

Teraoi pada anak autisme meliputi terapi perilaku, terapi bicara, sensorik dan pembelajaran agar dapat membantunya berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Sementara itu pada anak dengan ADHD umumnya diberi terapi untuk mengurangi kadar hiperaktif dan impulsifnya agar mereka dapat berpikir dan berkonsentrasi dengan baik.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 15:17

WebMD. ADHD or Autism?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/adhd-or-autism.

Medical News Today. What’s the difference between autism and ADHD?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325618.

Healthline. The Relationship Between ADHD and Autism. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/autism-and-adhd.

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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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