APT (Alkali Denaturation Test)

APT (Alkali Denaturation Test)
Ilustrasi sampel darah yang bisa digunakan pada tes APT. Credit: Freepik.

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Definisi

Tes APT atau dapat dikenal sebagai hemoglobin alkaline denaturation test merupakan salah satu pemeriksaan umum yang dilakukan pada saat bayi baru lahir maupun pada ibu hamil. Tes APT adalah tes hemoglobin, dimana perubahan warna akan menentukan apakah itu darah ibu atau darah bayi. Tes ini juga dikenal sebagai tes denaturasi basa untuk penentuan hemoglobin janin.

Tes APT pada bayi baru lahir dilakukan bila terdapat darah pada tinja atau muntahan bayi. Pada beberapa kasus, perubahan warna darah dapat terjadi setelah pemeriksaan. Pada ibu hamil yang mengalami pendarahan vagina di akhir kehamilannya dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan ini, tujuannya untuk menentukan apakah pendarahan tersebut berasal dari ibu atau janin.

Jika pemeriksaan menunjukkan hasil positif, artinya darah tersebut berasal dari janin dan mungkin disebabkan oleh vasa previa. Sedangkan hasil negatif menunjukkan bahwa darah tersebut berasal dari ibu. Namun, umumnya pada kondisi medis vasa previa jarang dilakukan pemeriksaan APT karena kondisi ini termasuk kegawatdaruratan medis dan membutuhkan pengobatan dengan cepat.

 

Indikasi

Dokter akan melakukan Tes APT jika ditemukan:

  • Pendarahan vagina pada akhir kehamilan
  • Adanya darah pada tinja atau muntahan bayi baru lahir

Pemeriksaan ini bertujuan untuk membedakan apakah pendarahan tersebut berasal dari ibu atau bayi.

 

Kontraindikasi

Tes APT dapat dianggap aman dan risiko terkait sedang. Tidak ada kontraindikasi khusus terkait pemeriksaan ini. Bila Anda sebelumnya telah melakukan pemeriksaan darah, pemeriksaan ini serupa dengan proses pengambilan sampel darah. Diskusikan dengan dokter terkait prosedur pemeriksaan yang dilakukan.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Tidak ada persiapan khusus sebelum melakukan tes APT. Pemeriksaan ini tidak mewajibkan Anda puasa sebelumnya. Diskusikan dengan dokter terkait kondisi medis dan obat-obatan yang anda konsumsi atau yang perlu dihentikan sebelum pemeriksaan.

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Tes APT merupakan pemeriksaan darah sederhana dengan sampel darah ibu atau sampel feses bayi. Pada pemeriksaan darah, petugas laboratorium akan membersihkan lengan Anda dengan alcohol swab dan mengambil sedikit darah Anda dari pembuluh darah vena di lengan menggunakan spuit steril. Anda akan mungkin merasakan nyeri sedang ketika proses pemasukkan jarum atau ketika darah anda diambil. Anda mungkin akan merasakan seperti tertusuk atau rasa terbakar. Relaksasikan lengan Anda untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri.

Selanjutnya, darah akan dimasukan ke dalam tabung darah dan diperiksa oleh petugas laboratorium dengan reagen khusus. Ketika petugas sudah selesai mengambil sampel darah, Anda perlu memberikan tekanan pada area tersebut untuk mencegah memar atau pembengkakan. Risiko pemeriksaan dalam darah sangat kecil. Beberapa orang merasakan nyeri, pusing, dan memar saat pengambilan darah. Namun, hal ini biasanya hilang dengan cepat.

Pada sampel tinja, petugas laboratorium akan menggunakan sentrifuse untuk mencampurkan tinja dan air dengan perbandingan 1:5. Lalu ditambahkan reagen khusus untuk melihat adanya perubahan warna. Pastikan sampel tinja yang diambil dari bayi tidak terpapar udara lebih dari 30 menit karena dapat menyebabkan hemoglobin bayi memiliki perubahan warna yang sama dengan hemoglobin dewasa sehingga menghasilkan nilai positif palsu.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Nilai normal pemeriksaan menunjukkan nilai negatif sedangkan nilai abnormal menunjukkan nilai positif. Pada beberapa kasus dimana hasil pemeriksaan APT tidak dapat ditentukan, pemeriksaan spektrofotometer dapat digunakan untuk menilai perubahan warna. Nilai HbF > 50 persen menandakan adanya darah bayi sedangkan nilai HbF <10 persen menandakan darah dari ibu.

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Hasil pemeriksaan negatif menunjukkan adanya perubahan warna menjadi kuning atau cokelat. Hal ini menandakan adanya darah ibu di dalam sampel tersebut dan bukan darah dari bayi sehingga bayi tersebut tidak mengalami adanya gangguan dari penyakit.

Hasil pemeriksaan positif menandakan adanya perubahan warna menjadi merah muda yang menandakan adanya darah bayi sehingga dokter akan menyarankan Anda melakukan pemeriksaan tambahan untuk menentukan pengobatan yang diberikan. Pada anak-anak atau bayi baru lahir yang sudah lemah dan sakit, dokter tidak akan bergantung pada pemeriksaan ini sehingga akan dilakukan pemeriksaan dan perawatan lebih lanjut bila ditemukan darah pada sampel tinja secara reguler.

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Bila hasil pemeriksaan APT bayi Anda tidak normal, Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter umum untuk mendapatkan diagnosis dan terapi yang sesuai. Dokter akan menyarankan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut terkait pemeriksaan lanjutan yang dilakukan. Bila diperlukan, Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter spesialis anak terkait kondisi bayi Anda. Dokter juga akan melakukan pengawasan terhadap terapi yang diberikan dan efektivitas dari terapi yang diberikan. Informasikan pada dokter terkait gejala yang Anda atau bayi Anda rasakan. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Kevin Luke
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Kamis, 9 November 2023 | 23:16

APT Test for Newborn Test. (2023). Retrieved 18 July 2023, from https://www.lybrate.com/lab-test/apt-test-for-newborn

APT Test for Swallowed Maternal Blood. (2022). Retrieved 18 July 2023, from https://blk-pediatric-practice.com/2022/08/18/apt-test-for-swallowed-maternal-blood/

Common Tests During Pregnancy. (2023). Retrieved 18 July 2023, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p01241 

APT Test. (2023). Retrieved 18 July 2023, from https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Apt_test.html#

Pediatric Gastointestinal Bleeding Differential Diagnoses. (2023). Retrieved 18 July 2023, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1955984-differential 

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      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new1.28msselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 43 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 43
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1845 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1845
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8885 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8885
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.84msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 990 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 990
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.35msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5455 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5455
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.3msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1159 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1159
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6522 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6522
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.27msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 657 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 657
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.29msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7639 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7639
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.24msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7480 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7480
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.12msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6285 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6285
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.14msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6289 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6289
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new1.12msselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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        status_text
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