Walaupun Sama-Sama Terlihat Pendek, Stunting dan Kerdil Itu Berbeda

Walaupun Sama-Sama Terlihat Pendek, Stunting dan Kerdil Itu Berbeda
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Stunting atau perawakan pendek masih menjadi salah satu masalah kekurangan gizi yang ditangani secara serius di Indonesia. Kekurangan gizi yang terjadi sejak di dalam kandungan dan pada masa awal setelah bayi lahir dapat membawa dampak besar bagi kualitas masyarakat Indonesia, yang pada akhirnya secara luas akan menghambat pertumbuhan ekonomi, meningkatkan kemiskinan dan memperlebar ketimpangan sosial.

Berbicara tentang bertubuh pendek sebenarnya bukan melulu tentang stunting saja. Kerdil atau dwarfisme juga suatu kondisi medis yang menyebabkan seseorang memiliki tubuh pendek bahkan hingga dewasa. Agar tidak sampai salah mengenalinya, ketahui perbedaan stunting dan kerdil berikut.

 

 

Apa itu Stunting?

Menurut WHO, stunting adalah gangguan tumbuh kembang yang dialami anak akibat gizi buruk, infeksi berulang dan stimulasi psikososial yang tidak memadai. Anak-anak disebut stunting jika memiliki tinggi badan menurut usia lebih dari dua standar deviasi di bawah median standar pertumbuhan anak WHO.

Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2020, tentang standar antropometri penilaian status gizi anak, stunting bukan hanya masalah gangguan pertumbuhan fisik saja, namun juga mengakibatkan anak menjadi mudah sakit, selain itu juga terjadi gangguan perkembangan otak dan kecerdasan sehingga menjadi ancaman yang besar terhadap kualitas sumber daya manusia di Indonesia.

Stunting lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh 1.000 hari pertama sejak pembuahan yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya:

  • Kekurangan nutrisi saat sedang di dalam rahim
  • Kekurangan nutrisi kronis dan variasi makanan saat setelah dilahirkan
  • Sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk, termasuk tidak tercukupinya air bersih untuk minum
  • Kurangnya perawatan kesehatan yang layak untuk ibu dan anak
  • Stimulasi yang kurang memadai antara ibu dan bayi
  • Tidak cukupnya protein dalam proporsi total asupan kalori
  • Sering menderita infeksi di awal kehidupan seorang anak

 

Tanda-Tanda Stunting

Anak-anak yang mengalami stunting cenderung memiliki gejala sebagai berikut:

  • Memiliki badan lebih pendek untuk anak seusianya
  • Memiliki proporsi tubuh cenderung normal tetapi tampak lebih muda atau lebih kecil dari usianya
  • Berat badan rendah dibandingkan anak seusianya
  • Pertumbuhan tulang yang tertunda

 

Apa itu Kerdil?

Kerdil atau dwarfisme disebut juga dengan istilah skeletal dysplasia. Seseorang yang kerdil secara signifikan lebih pendek daripada orang lain pada usia dan jenis kelamin yang sama. Pada anak-anak, tinggi badan mereka akan lebih rendah pada kurva pertumbuhan atau kurang dari yang diharapkan berdasarkan tinggi orang tua mereka.

Kerdil dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Para ilmuwan bahkan percaya bahwa ada lebih dari 300 kondisi yang menyebabkan dwarfisme, di mana sebagian besar terkait dengan kondisi genetik, di antaranya seperti:

 

  • Akondroplasia

Akondroplasia adalah kondisi genetik di mana empat dari lima orang yang memilikinya juga memiliki dua orang tua dengan tinggi rata-rata, Memiliki akondroplasia berarti memiliki satu gen bermutasi yang terkait dengan kondisi tersebut dan satu versi gen yang tidak terpengaruh.

  • Sindrom Turner

Kondisi ini umumnya hanya menyerang wanita, di mana seharusnya seseorang mewarisi dua krosomom X yang berfungsi penuh tapi ternyata hanya ada satu kromosom saja yang diwariskan.

  • Kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan

Pemicu kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan tidak diketahui jelas. Para ilmuwan memperkirakan hal ini berhubungan dengan mutasi genetik. Namun kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan dapat menyebabkan dwarfisme.

  • Hipotiroidisme

Tiroid yang kurang aktif, terutama jika berkembang di usia yang sangat muda dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan, termasuk gangguan pertumbuhan. Rendahnya hormon tiroid ini juga menyebabkan komplikasi lain termasuk energi rendah, masalah kognitif, dan fitur wajah bengkak.

  • Retardasi pertumbuhan intrauterin

Gangguan pada perkembangan saat masih di dalam kandungan ibu tidak hanya menyebabkan stunting, namun juga dwarfisme. Biasanya bayi yang dilahirkan akan berukuran lebih kecil dari rata-rata.

  • Penyebab lainnya

Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, bahwa sebenarnya ada lebih dari 300 penyebab dwarfisme, selain yang terkait dengan kondisi genetik, beberapa penyebab lain dwarfisme seperti adanya pertumbuhan tumor di kelenjar pituitari; penyakit paru-paru, jantung, ginjal, liver, dan saluran pencernaan; kondisi yang mempengaruhi produksi kolagen dan protein lain; penyakit kronis seperti gangguan peradangan, cedera pada kepala yang mengganggu pertumbuhan dan lain sebagainya.

 

Selain pengamatan dan pemantauan fisik setelah lahir, diagnosis stunting atau dwarfisme juga dapat diketahui dengan berbagai tes seperti tes urin, tes darah, MRI, dan lain sebagainya. Bicarakan kembali dengan dokter apabila anak Anda didiagnosis stunting atau dwarfisme.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 10:03

Yvette Brazier (2017). What is short stature, and is it treatable?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170880

James Roland (2017). What Is Dwarfism?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/dwarfism

Cleveland Clinic (2018). Skeletal Dysplasia (Dwarfism) and Other Causes of Short Stature. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17862-skeletal-dysplasia-dwarfism-and-other-causes-of-short-stature

WHO (2015). Stunting in a nutshell. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/19-11-2015-stunting-in-a-nutshell

Concern USA (2019). Stunting: What it is and What it Means. Available from: https://www.concernusa.org/story/what-is-stunting/

Kementerian Kesehatan (2018). Mengenal Stunting dan Gizi Buruk. Penyebab, Gejala, Dan Mencegah. Available from: https://promkes.kemkes.go.id/?p=8486

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.06msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9985 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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