Mengenal Neonatal Hepatitis, Infeksi Hepatitis pada Bayi Setelah Lahir

Mengenal Neonatal Hepatitis, Infeksi Hepatitis pada Bayi Setelah Lahir
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Hepatitis adalah peradangan pada hati yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh infeksi virus, baik virus hepatitis A, B, C, D dan E. Peradangan hati terjadi ketika hati mengalami pembengkakan akibat infeksi virus hepatitis yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Pembengkakan dan kerusakan pada hati kemudian akan mempengaruhi fungsi hati sehingga hati tidak dapat bekerja seperti seharusnya.

Hepatitis dapat berupa infeksi akut (jangka pendek) dan juga infeksi kronis (jangka panjang) yang ditandai dengan adanya demam, kelelahan, kehilangan nafsu makan, mual atau muntah, sakit perut, urine berwarna gelap, tinja berwarna pucat, nyeri persendian serta kulit dan area putih mata berwarna kuning (jaundice).

Siapa saja berisiko terinfeksi hepatitis, baik bayi, anak-anak maupun dewasa. Ketika peradangan hati ini terjadi di bulan-bulan pertama kehidupan bayi, maka hepatitis disebut dengan istilah neonatal hepatitis.

 

Penyebab Neonatal Hepatitis

Neonatal hepatitis biasanya terjadi antara 1-2 bulan setelah bayi lahir yang umumnya disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A, B dan C serta virus lain seperti Cytomegalovirus, virus Epstein-barr, virus Herpes simpleks, dan Varicella zoster.

Bayi dapat tertular hepatitis B dan C dari ibu sejak di dalam kandungan maupun segera setelah lahir. Hepatitis B dan C juga dapat menyebar melalui ASI atau saat melakukan kontak langsung dengan orang yang terinfeksi.

Jenis hepatitis A juga dapat ditularkan pada bayi apabila ibu tidak mencuci tangan setelah mengganti popok dan bergegas menyusui.

 

Gejala Neonatal Hepatitis

Pada sebagian besar kasus, tidak ada gejala yang langsung muncul saat terinfeksi. Namun seiring berkembangnya gejala, kulit dan bagian putih mata pada bayi akan berubah menjadi kuning. Penyakit kuning pada bayi disebabkan oleh penumpukan bahan kimia yang disebut bilirubin di dalam darah dan jaringan bayi. Bilirubin ini biasanya diproses oleh hati, namun pada bayi baru lahir dibutuhkan waktu beberapa hari untuk memprosesnya. Menurut statistik, sebenarnya kuning pada bayi adalah hal yang wajar ditemukan, namun derajat kuning bayi bisa berbeda-beda dan dibutuhkan pemeriksaan lebih detail untuk memastikan bahwa hepatitis adalah penyebabnya.

Bayi yang terinfeksi hepatitis umumnya gagal menambah berat badan dan juga mengalami pembesaran hati dan limpa. Hal ini diakibatkan tubuh bayi tidak dapat menyerap vitamin dan nutrisi dengan baik sehingga ia tidak dapat tumbuh normal seperti bayi lainnya.

Seiring perkembangan gejalanya, urin bayi akan bewarna lebih gelap seperti teh dan tinja berwarna putih terang mirip seperti tanah liat.

 

Bahaya Hepatitis pada Bayi

Tidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk neonatal hepatitis. Bayi mungkin akan diberikan suplementasi dengan vitamin larut lemak atau susu formula khusus untuk memastikan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang tepat. Dokter juga mungkin memberikan obat untuk meningkatkan aliran empedu pada bayi.

Hepatitis pada bayi dapat menyebabkan komplikasi apabila tidak ditangani dengan benar. Berikut adalah beberapa komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi:

  • Ensefalitis

Bayi yang mengalami neonatal hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh rubella atau CMV cenderung mengalami infeksi otak yang dapat menyebabkan keterbelakangan mental atau cerebral palsy.

  • Sirosis hati

Bayi yang menderita neonatal hepatitis sel raksasa juga mungkin mengembangkan penyakit hati kronis dan sirosis. Karena adanya jaringan parut, hati bayi menjadi sangat keras dan penyakit kuning tidak hilang pada usia enam bulan. Pada kondisi ini, bayi mungkin membutuhkan transplantasi hati.

  • Kekurangan vitamin

Bayi dengan hepatitis kronis tidak dapat menyerap vitamin A, D, E dan K yang menyebabkan tumbuh kembangnya menjadi tidak maksimal. Kekurangan vitamin D menyebabkan perkembangan tulang yang buruk, kekurangan vitamin A mengganggu pertumbuhan dan penglihatan, kekurangan vitamin K dikaitkan dengan mudah memar dan pendarahan, sedangkan kekurangan vitamin E menyebabkan perubahan kulit dan lain sebagainya.

  • Kolestasis hati

Hepatitis pada bayi bertanggung jawab hampir 40% dari semua kasus kolestasis yang diyakini menjadi penyebab komplikasi termasuk penyerapan vitamin yang abnormal di usus.

  • Problem kulit

Hepatitis kronis pada bayi dapat menyebabkan hati kehilangan kemampuannya untuk menghilangkan racun dalam empedu. Akibatnya konsentrasi bilirubin dan metabolit menjadi lebih tinggi dan menyebabkan gatal, erupsi kulit serta iritasi.

Hepatitis pada bayi tidak menular dan tidak dapat ditularkan ke orang lain, namun dibutuhkan pengobatan dan perawatan dini agar tidak berkembang menjadi komplikasi dan kerusakan hati yang lebih parah. Apabila Anda menemukan tanda-tanda seperti perubahan warna kuning pada kulit bayi, maka sebaiknya tidak menunda untuk memeriksakannya ke dokter.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 10:50

John Hopkins Medicine. Neonatal Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/neonatal-hepatitis

Sudha Bhat, M.Pharm, R.Ph (US) (2014). Neonatal Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/neonatal-hepatitis.htm

Canadian liver Foundation. Neonatal Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.liver.ca/patients-caregivers/liver-diseases/neonatal-hepatitis/

Medline Plus (2020). Hepatitis. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html

Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA (2018). What is the difference between hepatitis B and C?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323455

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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