Oftalmia Neonatorum

Oftalmia Neonatorum

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Definisi

Konjungtivitis neonatus atau oftalmia neonatorum merupakan peradangan mata yang terjadi pada bayi usia 30 hari pertama kehidupan (neonatus). Oftalmia neonatorum dapat disebabkan oleh reaksi terhadap bahan kimia, infeksi bakteri, dan virus. Kejadian oftalmia neonatorum berkisar antara 1–2% bergantung pada status sosioekonomi pada suatu area. Penyebab oftalmia neonatorum yang paling sering adalah kuman Chlamydia sp., terutama di Amerika Serikat (2-40% kasus). Belum ada laporan khusus mengenai kaitan oftalmia neonatorum dengan jenis kelamin bayi.  

Penyebab

Beberapa mikroorganisme yang dapat menyebabkan oftalmia neonatorum, antara lain:

  1. Chlamydia trachomatis, merupakan parasit yang terdapat pada serviks dan uretra ibu. Bayi yang lahir dari ibu yang terinfeksi parasite ini memiliki risiko tinggi untuk mengalami oftalmia neonatorum (25–50%).
  2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Bakteri ini juga berada pada lapisan serviks dan uretra ibu. N. gonorrhoeae umumnya akan menginfeksi konjungtiva bayi tepat saat proses persalinan karena lokasi kolonisasinya yang dekat dengan jalan lahir. N. gonorrhoeae dapat masuk ke dalam sel yang intak dan bereplikasi dalam sel tersebut. Bakteri ini merupakan penyebab kebutaan tertinggi pada bayi baru lahir, hingga akhirnya ditemukan antibiotik.
  3. Bakteri lainnya, seperti Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, menyumbang 30–50% kejadian oftalmia neonatorum.
  4. Herpes simplex virus, merupakan penyebab oftalmia neonatorum yang jarang (1% dari keseluruhan kasus). Karena sangat infeksius, ibu yang mengalami infeksi herpes simplex perlu melakukan operasi sesar dan tidak diperbolehkan untuk lahir pervaginam.

Mikroorganisme yang berada pada vagina ibu seperti Chlamydia sp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, dan Neisseria gonorrhoeae dapat menginfeksi konjungtiva bayi baru lahir saat proses melahirkan. Infeksi pada bayi baru lahir umumnya lebih berat, karena bayi baru lahir tidak memiliki imunitas seperti orang dewasa.

Faktor Risiko

Beberapa faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya oftalmia neonatorum adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Infeksi menular seksual pada ibu
  • Infeksi HIV pada ibu
  • Paparan terhadap mikroorganisme infeksius
  • Berat badan bayi baru lahir yang besar
  • Tidak dilakukannya profilaksis pada bayi baru lahir
  • Ketuban pecah dini
  • Trauma bola mata dalam proses persalinan
  • Prematur
  • Tidak melakukan pemeriksaan prenatal secara berkala semasa kehamilan

Gejala

Gejala yang terjadi akan bergantung pada mikroorganisme yang menginfeksi konjungtiva, antara lain:

  • Oftalmia neonatorum yang disebabkan oleh bahan kimia umumnya menunjukkan gejala <24 jam dan tidak memerlukan terapi tertentu.
  • Oftalmia neonatorum yang disebabkan oleh Chlamydia sp., umumnya menunjukkan gejala pada 5–14 hari setelah persalinan. Mata bayi akan menjadi bengkak dan mengeluarkan lendir mata yang kental dan berwarna putih. Infeksi dapat menjadi sangat berat. Bakteri ini juga dapat menginfeksi paru dan organ nasofaring.
  • Oftalmia neonatorum yang disebabkan oleh N. gonorrhoeae umumnya menunjukkan gejala pada 2–5 hari setelah persalinan. Bayi akan mengalami radang hebat pada kelopak mata dengan lendir yang berwarna kuning kehijauan. Kondisi ini harus segera menerima perawatan.
  • Oftalmia neonatorum yang disebabkan oleh herpes simplex virus akan menunjukkan gejala 1–2 minggu setelah persalinan.
  • Bakteri lain yang menyebabkan oftalmia neonatorum menunjukkan gejala pada hari ke-5 persalinan dan tidak membutuhkan pengobatan.

Diagnosis

Dokter Anda akan menanyakan mengenai keluhan yang terjadi pada bayi Anda, seperti warna lendir, banyaknya lendir, dan riwayat kesehatan Anda. Dokter juga akan melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap lendir pada mata bayi Anda. Dokter dapat melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap cairan mata bayi Anda jika tetap diproduksi hingga 48 jam kemudian. Pemeriksaan cairan tersebut perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan jenis mikroorganisme dan tata laksana yang tepat. Jika mata bayi Anda terlihat meradang, Dokter dapat langsung memberikan antibiotik pertama sebelum hasil pemeriksaan cairan mata keluar. Pemeriksaan lain seperti pemeriksaan darah dan foto rontgen dada dapat dilakukan jika dibutuhkan.

Tatalaksana

Pengobatan oftalmia neonatorum melibatkan antibiotik tetes, salep, atau infus (intravena). Membersihkan mata bayi dengan cairan steril dapat membantu penyerapan antibiotik terutama yang dalam bentuk tetes atau salep. Jika saluran air mata bayi Anda tertutup oleh cairan mata, lakukan pemijatan perlahan pada area antara mata dan hidung.

Pengobatan oftalmia neonatorum antara lain:

  • Infeksi oleh Chlamydia sp. Akan diobati dengan antibiotik minum atau melalui pembuluh darah selama 14 hari.
  • Infeksi oleh N gonorrhoeae akan diobati dengan antibiotik melalui pembuluh darah atau otot dan irigasi dengan cairan steril selama 7–14 hari.
  • Infeksi oleh bahan kimia tidak perlu diberikan obat tertentu, akan hilang dalam 24–36 jam.
  • Infeksi oleh bakteri lain akan diobati dengan antibiotik tetes dan kompres hangat.

Antibiotik yang digunakan akan bergantung pada masing-masing fasilitas kesehatan.

Komplikasi

Oftalmia neonatorum umumnya dapat merespon terhadap pengobatan dengan baik, sehingga memiliki luaran yang lebih baik. Penggunaan antibiotik menurunkan komplikasi berkaitan dengan oftalmia neonatorum akibat Neisseria gonorrheae. Namun, jika tidak ditatalaksana dengan baik, oftalmia neonatorum dapat menyebabkan robeknya lapisan kornea, endoftalmitis atau infeksi bagian mata dalam, dan infeksi berat pada bayi baru lahir. Terdapat 10–20% bayi dengan infeksi Chlamydia sp. yang juga mengalami pneumonia. Oftalmia neonatorum yang disebabkan oleh herpes simplex virus dapat menyebabkan radang berat pada mata dan meninggalkan bekas yang mengganggu penglihatan. Selain itu, herpes simplex virus juga dapat melibatkan sistem saraf pusat. 

Pencegahan

  • Cuci tangan secara berkala untuk mencegah penularan oftalmia neonatorum, terutama setelah dan sebelum memegang bayi Anda.
  • Wanita hamil perlu melakukan pemeriksaan rutin untuk mendeteksi infeksi menular seksual (IMS) seperti herpes simplex, gonorrhea, dan klamidia untuk menurunkan kejadian oftalmia neonatorum.
  • Sebelum persalinan, ibu dengan infeksi herpes perlu melakukan konsultasi dengan dokter kandungan untuk mencegah penularan virus tersebut kepada bayinya.
  • Lakukan pemeriksaan mengenai kondisi kesehatan Anda ke dokter.

Kapan harus ke dokter?

Jika bayi Anda mengalami mata merah, kelopak mata yang membengkak, dan lendir mata yang berwarna putih kental atau kuning kehijauan 5–12 hari setelah lahir, segera bawa ke fasilitas kesehatan terdekat. Selalu lakukan pemeriksaan rutin sepanjang kehamilan untuk mendeteksi penyakit dan menatalaksana dini, cepat, dan akurat. 

 

Untuk mendapat informasi lainnya seputar mata, Anda bisa mengakses link artikel penyakit di sini ya!

Writer : Tannia Sembiring S Ked
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Kamis, 2 Juni 2022 | 04:07

Home - Eye infections in the neonate: Ophthalmia Neonatorum and the management of systemic Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections. (2021). Retrieved 31 October 2021, from https://www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/nhsggc-paediatric-clinical-guidelines/nhsggc-guidelines/neonatology/eye-infections-in-the-neonate-ophthalmia-neonatorum-and-the-management-of-systemic-gonococcal-and-chlamydial-infections/.

Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) in Newborns | CDC. (2021). Retrieved 31 October 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/newborns.html#causes.

Castro Ochoa KJ, Mendez MD. Ophthalmia Neonatorum. [Updated 2021 Jul 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551572/.

Neonatal Conjunctivitis - EyeWiki. (2021). Retrieved 31 October 2021, from https://eyewiki.aao.org/Neonatal_Conjunctivitis.

Puente MA. Neonatal Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) Differential Diagnoses. (2021). Retrieved 31 October 2021, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192190-differential.

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      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new16.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2652 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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