Hemoglobinopati

Hemoglobinopati
Kenali hemoglobinopati lebih dalam.

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Definisi

Hemoglobinopati adalah salah satu dari sekelompok kelainan yang disebabkan oleh adanya varian hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah. Gangguan varian pada hemoglobin terjadi secara geografis di seluruh dunia dan di daerah mirip sabuk yang rawan dengan penyakit malaria. Kehadiran varian hemoglobin dalam jumlah sedang mungkin merupakan keuntungan selektif karena memberikan perlindungan dari efek mematikan malaria, sehingga memungkinkan lebih banyak orang mencapai usia reproduksi.

Hemoglobin C (Hb C) relatif umum di antara orang kulit hitam Afrika yang tinggal di utara Sungai Niger dan ditemukan pada 2-3 persen orang kulit hitam di Amerika Serikat. Penyakit hemoglobin C (terjadi ketika varian gen Hb C diwariskan dari kedua orang tua) menimbulkan gejala dan tanda seperti nyeri samar, ikterus, pembesaran limpa, anemia ringan sampai sedang, dan beberapa pendarahan.

Rentang hidup individu, bagaimanapun, normal, dan penyakitnya jauh lebih ringan daripada anemia sel sabit yang ditemukan dalam rentang geografis yang sama. Ada kemungkinan bahwa Hb C secara bertahap menggantikan Hb S (varian hemoglobin anemia sel sabit) dengan proses seleksi di Afrika; Hb C tidak menyebabkan kematian dini pada homozigot (orang dengan dua gen untuk Hb C), seperti halnya anemia sel sabit, namun Hb C dapat memberikan perlindungan dari malaria.

Hemoglobin D ditemukan terutama pada orang-orang keturunan Afghanistan, Pakistan, dan India barat laut, tetapi juga terjadi pada keturunan Eropa. Penyakit hemoglobin D (dua gen untuk Hb D) dapat menyebabkan anemia hemolitik ringan. Hemoglobin E tersebar luas di Asia Tenggara, terutama ditemukan di antara orang Thailand, Kamboja, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Burma.

Penyakit hemoglobin E (dua gen untuk Hb E) dapat menyebabkan anemia mikrositik (sel darah merah kecil) ringan. Penyakit hemoglobin E-thalassemia (satu gen untuk Hb E, satu gen untuk thalassemia) parah dan secara klinis sangat mirip dengan thalassemia mayor. Hemoglobin H, ditemukan paling banyak di Asia Tenggara dan Eropa Selatan, dan hampir selalu diidentifikasi dalam kombinasi dengan thalassemia; gejalanya mirip dengan thalassemia.

 

Penyebab

Penyebab dari hemoglobinopati sendiri adalah mutasi atau perubahan struktur DNA pada seseorang. Kondisi hemoglobinopati paling sering disebabkan akibat anemia sel sabit dan talasemia. Selain itu, penyakit lain yang dapat menyebabkan hemoglobinopati adalah kelainan G6PD. Di bawah ini akan dijelaskan sekilas mengenai ketiga penyakit tersebut. 

 

Anemia Sel Sabit

Anemia sel sabit adalah salah satu dari kelompok kelainan bawaan yang dikenal sebagai penyakit sel sabit. Ini mempengaruhi bentuk sel darah merah, yang membawa oksigen ke seluruh bagian tubuh. Sel darah merah biasanya berbentuk bulat dan lentur, sehingga mudah bergerak melalui pembuluh darah. Pada anemia sel sabit, beberapa sel darah merah berbentuk seperti sabit atau bulan sabit. Sel sabit ini juga menjadi kaku dan lengket, yang dapat memperlambat atau menyumbat aliran darah. Tidak ada obat untuk kebanyakan orang dengan anemia sel sabit. Perawatan dapat menghilangkan rasa sakit dan membantu mencegah komplikasi yang terkait dengan penyakit ini. Anemia sel sabit dihasilkan dari sifat sel sabit. Sifat sel sabit terjadi ketika orang memiliki satu gen sel sabit dan satu gen normal. Jika anda hanya memiliki sifat sel sabit, anda biasanya tidak memiliki gejala dan tidak memiliki anemia sel sabit. Namun, anda dapat meneruskan sifat sel sabit kepada anak-anak anda. Jika kedua orang tua memiliki sifat tersebut, anak tersebut mungkin lebih cenderung memiliki beberapa jenis penyakit sel sabit.

 

Kelainan G6PD

Defisiensi G6PD adalah kondisi yang diturunkan. Kondisi tersebut terjadi ketika tubuh tidak memiliki cukup enzim yang disebut G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Enzim ini membantu sel darah merah bekerja dengan baik. Kekurangan enzim ini dapat menyebabkan anemia hemolitik. Ini adalah saat sel darah merah rusak lebih cepat daripada yang dibuat. Defisiensi G6PD paling sering terjadi pada pria dan jarang terjadi pada wanita. Gangguan tersebut mempengaruhi sekitar 10% pria Afrika-Amerika di AS. Hal ini juga umum terjadi pada orang-orang dari wilayah Mediterania, Afrika, atau Asia.Tingkat keparahan gangguan bervariasi, tergantung pada kelompoknya. Di Afrika-Amerika, masalahnya ringan. Ini terutama mempengaruhi sel darah merah yang lebih tua. Pada orang kulit putih, kelainan ini seringkali lebih serius. Dalam kelompok ini, sel darah merah muda terpengaruh.

 

Thalassemia

Thalassemia adalah kelainan bawaan yang ditandai dengan produksi abnormal hemoglobin, protein dalam sel darah merah yang membawa oksigen. Mereka menghasilkan produksi hemoglobin yang rendah dan penghancuran sel darah merah. Penyakit ini biasanya hanya terjadi pada orang yang memiliki setidaknya dua gen abnormal. Pembawa (orang dengan hanya satu gen abnormal) biasanya tidak memiliki masalah, kecuali mereka membawa gen abnormal lain yang berinteraksi dengan gen thalassemia.

 

Faktor Risiko

Faktor risiko dari hemoglobinopati antara lain adalah:

  • Memiliki riwayat keluarga dengan hemoglobinopati
  • Tinggal di daerah endemis dengan penyakit hemoglobinopati seperti malaria, dan tinggal di daerah "sabuk thalassemia"

 

Gejala

Gejala dari hemoglobinopati antara lain:

  • Tidur lebih lama atau lebih sering
  • Kelelahan
  • Sesak napas
  • Nyeri atau bengkak di tangan atau kaki
  • Tangan atau kaki dingin
  • Kulit pucat 

 

Diagnosis

Diagnosis hemoglobinopati memerlukan prosedur anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan penunjang.

Dokter akan menanyakan keluhan utama pasien, keluhan penyerta, sudah berapa lama keluhan tersebut berlangsung, adanya riwayat penyakit terdahulu, dan riwayat penyakit keluarga.

Selanjutnya dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan fisik meliputi pemeriksaan tanda vital seperti tekanan darah, laju napas, nadi, dan suhu tubuh. Kemudian dokter akan memeriksa kondisi ujung kepala hingga ujung kaki anda.

Lalu dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan penunjang, Pemeriksaan yang mungkin dilakukan untuk mendiagnosis hemoglobinopati antara lain adalah tes darah guna memeriksa jumlah hemoglobin dalam darah anda, dan pemeriksaan elektroforesis hb untuk melihat bentuk hemoglobin. Seringkali dokter mendiagnosis hemoglobinopati setelah melakukan pemeriksaan penunjang ini.

Dokter umum mungkin merujuk anda ke ahli hematologi (spesialis kelainan darah) untuk pemeriksaan lebih lanjut, untuk memastikan diagnosis dan untuk menentukan penyebab yang mendasarinya.

 

Tata Laksana

Tatalaksana dari kondisi hemoglobinopati akan bergantung dengan penyebabnya. Tatalaksana dapat berupa suplementasi zat besi, transfusi darah, dan transplantasi sel punca.

 

Komplikasi

Komplikasi dari hemoglobinopati antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:

  • Sindrom Dada Akut
  • Anemia
  • Avascular Necrosis (Kematian Jaringan Tulang)
  • Gumpalan Darah
  • Daktilitis (Sindrom Tangan-Kaki)
  • Demam
  • Infeksi
  • Masalah Ginjal

 

Pencegahan

Hingga saat ini, tidak ada cara khusus untuk mencegah terjadinya hemoglobinopati dikarenakan penyakit ini bersifat diturunkan secara genetik. Namun, jika anda sudah mengetahui bahwa anda membawa gen hemoglobinopati, menemui konselor genetik sebelum mencoba untuk hamil dapat membantu anda memahami risiko memiliki anak dengan hemoglobinopati. Seorang konselor genetik juga dapat menjelaskan kemungkinan perawatan, tindakan pencegahan, dan opsi reproduksi.

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Segeralah ke dokter bila anda mengalami gejala di atas dan terdapat riwayat penyakit hemoglobinopati pada keluarga anda.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Lovira Ai Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Selasa, 11 Juni 2024 | 07:10

John Hopkins Medicine - G6PD (2021). Retrieved 13 April 2023, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/g6pd-glucose6phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency#

John Hopkins Medicine - Sickle Cell Disease (2021). Retrieved 13 April 2023, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/sickle-cell-disease

Mayo Clinic - Sickle Cell Disease (2022). Retrieved 10 April 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876

Mayo Clinic - Thalassemia (2021). Retrieved 13 April 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354995

Taylor & Francis Online - Diagnostic Approach for Hemoglobinopathies (2019). Retrieved 10 April 2023, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03630260701297071?journalCode=ihem20

 

Thalassemia International Federation - Prevention and Diagnosis of Haemoglobinopathies (2019). Retrieved 13 April 2023, from https://thalassaemia.org.cy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Preventiondiagnosis-of-Hbpathies_BOOKLETNEW-1.pdf

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      • 1: 2025-04-06 14:58:30
      • 2: article
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • ORDER BY RAND() is slow, try to avoid if you can. You can read this or this
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:377
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new6.48msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 966 where `id` = 6928
      Bindings
      • 0: 966
      • 1: 6928
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new4.65msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 6928, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 14:58:30', '2025-04-06 14:58:30')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 6928
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 14:58:30
      • 8: 2025-04-06 14:58:30
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new920μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 44 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 44
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.79msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3198 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3198
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.73msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6308 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6308
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.74msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1795 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1795
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5838 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5838
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.69msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7331 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7331
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4732 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4732
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.78msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3481 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3481
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3247 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3247
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3310 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3310
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.59msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6831 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6831
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.68msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6761 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6761
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.65msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6890 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6890
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new590μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new580μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new880μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    62Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    23Category.php#?
    App\User
    4User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    3Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
        locale
        id
        _token
        zvrbsNRBqv6nJgx3FxJpakG6YFd5GqXd5zspEp5J
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        array:1 [ "url" => "https://ai-care.atmatech.id/healthpedia-penyakit/hemoglobinopati" ]
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        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        path_info
        /healthpedia-penyakit/hemoglobinopati
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
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        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:2 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "zvrbsNRBqv6nJgx3FxJpakG6YFd5GqXd5zspEp5J" "laravel_session" => "r3hSAG5O7S2PwaI9ha6jz2eQTbboP3C5huXgsVQR" ]
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