Demam Scarlet

Demam Scarlet
Gambaran ruam kulit pada demam scarlet

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Definisi

Demam scarlet adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes. Demam scarlet disebut juga dengan scarlatina. Infeksi ini ditandai dengan ruam merah hampir di sebagian besar tubuh, demam tinggi, dan nyeri tenggorokan.

Demam scarlet dapat terjadi pada siapa saja, namun lebih sering dijumpai pada anak-anak usia 5–15 tahun. Sekitar 80% kasus terjadi pada anak di bawah 10 tahun dan jarang terjadi pada anak di bawah 3 tahun. 

Demam scarlet dapat diobati menggunakan antibiotik. Pada masa lalu, demam scarlet merupakan penyakit anak-anak yang serius. Dengan adanya perkembangan antibiotik masa kini, kasus dan gejala berat demam scarlet menjadi jauh lebih jarang terjadi.

Jika tidak ditangani dengan cepat dan tepat, demam scarlet dapat menyebabkan komplikasi berbahaya seperti radang paru atau pneumonia. Komplikasi yang serius juga dapat memengaruhi jantung, ginjal, atau organ lainnya. 

 

Penyebab

Demam scarlet disebabkan oleh bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes, yang termasuk ke dalam golongan bakteri Streptokokus beta-hemolitik grup A. Bakteri ini juga merupakan penyebab tersering radang amandel dan tenggorokan. Bakteri S. pyogenes dapat mengeluarkan racun dan masuk ke aliran darah sehingga menyebabkan demam serta ruam merah.

Bakteri S. pyogenes yang terdapat pada hidung dan tenggorokan pasien dapat menular ke orang lain. Penularan bakteri dapat terjadi melalui:

  • Percikan bersin atau batuk pasien
  • Menyentuh benda yang tercemar percikan bersin atau batuk pasien, lalu menyentuh hidung atau mulut tanpa mencuci tangan terlebih dahulu. Bakteri yang tertinggal di kulit juga dapat berkembang menjadi infeksi kulit
  • Menyentuh luka di kulit yang terinfeksi bakteri S. pyogenes
  • Berbagi alat atau perlengkapan dengan pasien demam scarlet

 

Pasien yang tidak diobati dapat menularkan penyakit ini hingga beberapa minggu kemudian, bahkan setelah gejala menghilang. Masa inkubasi bakteri S. pyogenes umumnya 2-4 hari. Masa inkubasi adalah waktu sejak pasien terpapar bakteri hingga munculnya gejala. 

Beberapa pasien ada yang tidak bereaksi dengan toksin bakteri S. pyogenes, sehingga mereka menjadi “pembawa” dan mengalami sakit tanpa timbul gejala. Hal ini membuat seseorang sulit mengetahui apakah dia telah terinfeksi atau tidak. Oleh karena itu, pola hidup sehat dan tindakan pencegahan penularan sangat penting dilakukan.

 

Faktor Risiko

Faktor risiko demam scarlet antara lain:

  • Berusia 5–15 tahun
  • Kontak langsung dengan penderita demam scarlet
  • Bekerja atau menghabiskan banyak waktu di tempat ramai, seperti sekolah atau penitipan anak

 

Gejala

Gejala demam scarlet umumnya muncul pada 2–4 hari setelah terinfeksi bakteri. Gejala demam scarlet meliputi:

  • Ruam merah. Ruam terlihat seperti terbakar sinar matahari dan terasa kasar. Biasanya dimulai dari wajah atau leher dan menyebar ke lengan serta kaki. Jika diberikan tekanan pada kulit yang memerah, kulit akan menjadi pucat
  • Tenggorokan sangat nyeri dan merah, terkadang disertai bercak putih atau kekuningan
  • Demam, sering disertai menggigil. Demam dapat mencapai 38,3 derajat Celcius atau lebih
  • Wajah memerah. Wajah tampak memerah dengan area pucat di sekitar mulut
  • Lidah stroberi. Lidah terlihat memerah, bergelombang, berbintil-bintil kecil, dan tertutup lapisan putih pada awal penyakit
  • Kesulitan menelan
  • Pembesaran kelenjar getah bening di leher yang nyeri saat ditekan
  • Garis merah pada lipatan kulit. Ruam di sekitar selangkangan, ketiak, siku, lutut, dan leher biasanya terlihat lebih merah dibandingkan ruam di sekitarnya
  • Mual atau muntah
  • Nyeri perut
  • Penurunan nafsu makan
  • Sakit kepala

 

Ruam adalah gejala yang khas pada demam scarlet dan umumnya muncul 1–2 hari setelah demam. Namun pada kasus tertentu, ruam dapat muncul lebih awal pada 2 hari sebelum demam dan sakit tenggorokan.

Ruam dan kemerahan di wajah serta lidah biasanya berlangsung sekitar seminggu. Setelah ruam mereda, kulit yang terkena akan mengelupas hingga sekitar 6 minggu kemudian.

 

Diagnosis

Untuk mendiagnosis demam scarlet, dokter memulainya dengan menanyakan gejala dan riwayat kesehatan pasien. Kemudian dokter melakukan pemeriksaan fisik, seperti memeriksa kondisi lidah, tenggorokan, serta amandel pasien. Dokter juga akan memeriksa kelenjar getah bening dan ruam pada tubuh. 

Jika hasil pemeriksaan fisik menunjukan kecurigaan ke arah demam scarlet, dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan penunjang berupa swab tenggorokan. Swab tenggorokan adalah prosedur pengambilan sampel lendir dengan mengusap (swab) bagian belakang tenggorokan dan amandel. Sampel lalu diperiksa di laboratorium. Dari hasil pemeriksaan sampel lendir tersebut, dapat diketahui ada tidaknya bakteri S. pyogenes pada tubuh pasien.

Pemeriksaan spesifik untuk menemukan bakteri S. pyogenes penting dilakukan karena terdapat sejumlah kondisi lain yang juga dapat menyebabkan tanda dan gejala serupa. Jika tidak ditemukan bakteri S. pyogenes, maka akan dipikirkan penyebab lain dari gejala yang dirasakan pasien.

 

Tata Laksana

Pengobatan bertujuan untuk meringankan gejala, mencegah komplikasi, dan mengurangi risiko penularan. Beberapa metode pengobatan yang dapat dilakukan adalah:

 

Obat-obatan

Antibiotik oral atau yang dikonsumsi melalui mulut, terbukti efektif untuk mengobati demam scarlet. Contoh antibiotik yang dapat digunakan adalah penisilin atau amoksisilin selama 10 hari. Bagi pasien yang alergi antibiotik golongan penisilin, dokter dapat menggantinya dengan eritromisin.

Demam umumnya akan mereda dalam 24 jam setelah mengonsumsi antibiotik. Meski demam sudah mereda, antibiotik tetap harus diminum hingga 10 hari agar sembuh sepenuhnya dan tidak terjadi komplikasi.

Selain obat antibiotik, dokter juga memberikan obat lain sesuai gejala, seperti paracetamol atau ibuprofen untuk meredakan demam dan nyeri tenggorokan. Jika pasien merasakan gatal pada ruam, dokter juga dapat memberikan lotion calamine atau tablet antihistamin.

 

Perawatan mandiri di rumah

Beberapa perawatan mandiri di rumah dapat membantu mengurangi rasa sakit dan membuat pasien lebih nyaman, seperti:

  • Minum air putih yang cukup untuk menjaga tenggorokan tetap lembab dan mencegah dehidrasi
  • Berkumur dengan air garam untuk mengurangi nyeri tenggorokan
  • Gunakan pelembab udara untuk menghilangkan udara kering yang dapat mengiritasi tenggorokan
  • Konsumsi permen pelega tenggorokan secukupnya
  • Konsumsi makanan hangat dan berkuah, seperti sup, untuk membantu meredakan nyeri tenggorokan
  • Hindari bahan iritan, seperti asap rokok dan produk pembersih yang dapat mengiritasi tenggorokan

 

Komplikasi

Jika demam scarlet tidak tertangani, bakteri dapat menyebar dan menyebabkan infeksi pada bagian tubuh lain, seperti:

  • Tonsil atau amandel
  • Paru-paru
  • Kulit
  • Ginjal
  • Darah
  • Telinga bagian tengah

 

Pada kasus yang jarang terjadi, demam scarlet dapat memicu demam rematik, yaitu kondisi serius yang bisa memengaruhi jantung, sendi, sistem saraf, maupun kulit. 

 

Pencegahan

Belum ada vaksin yang dapat mencegah demam scarlet. Sehingga, strategi pencegahan terbaik adalah melalui tindakan pencegahan standar terhadap infeksi, yaitu:

  • Rutin mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air mengalir 
  • Jangan berbagi peralatan makan atau makanan dengan orang lain, terutama dengan orang yang sedang sakit
  • Tutup mulut dan hidung saat batuk dan bersin untuk mencegah peluang penyebaran bakteri
  • Jika anak menderita demam scarlet, cuci peralatan makan dan mainannya dengan air sabun hangat

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter? 

Konsultasi ke dokter jika anak mengalami gejala demam scarlet seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, terutama nyeri tenggorokan, demam di atas 38 derajat Celcius, pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening leher, dan tampak ruam merah pada kulit.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : dr Aprilia Dwi Iriani
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Selasa, 25 Juni 2024 | 07:39

Scarlet fever. (2019). Retrieved 27 April 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20377406 

Scarlet fever. (2021). Retrieved 27 April 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/scarlet-fever.html 

Fekman A. (2017). What you need to know about scarlet fever. Retrieved 27 April 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176242 

 

Scarlet fever. (2021). Retrieved 27 April 2022, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scarlet-fever/ 

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    • WebController.php#377aicare_prod_new116msselect * from `posts` where `status` = 1 and `publish_date` <= '2025-04-06 09:17:46' and `content_type` = 'article' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 7
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: 2025-04-06 09:17:46
      • 2: article
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • ORDER BY RAND() is slow, try to avoid if you can. You can read this or this
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:377
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new14.96msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 731 where `id` = 3482
      Bindings
      • 0: 731
      • 1: 3482
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new14.72msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 3482, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 09:17:46', '2025-04-06 09:17:46')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 3482
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 09:17:46
      • 8: 2025-04-06 09:17:46
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new1.26msselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 27 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 27
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.52msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8645 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8645
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10043 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10043
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9630
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.62msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1946 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1946
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.71msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2349 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2349
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.7msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7532 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7532
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.12msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5303 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5303
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6665
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new890μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new820μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.21msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    17Category.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    13Post.php#?
    App\User
    4User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    3Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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