Angiosarkoma

Angiosarkoma
Gambaran angiosarkoma di kepala

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Definisi

Angiosarkoma adalah suatu tumor ganas atau kanker yang berasal dari lapisan dalam pembuluh darah dan pembuluh limfa. Pembuluh limfa adalah bagian dari sistem imun yang akan mengumpulkan bakteri, virus, dan produk buangan dari tubuh. Angiosarkoma termasuk kanker yang jarang dijumpai dan dapat terjadi di bagian tubuh manapun, paling sering adalah kulit (sekitar 60% dari kasus angiosarkoma), terutama pada kepala dan leher. Area tubuh lain yang lebih jarang terkena adalah payudara, hati, limpa, tulang, jantung, dan bagian dalam tubuh lainnya. Angiosarkoma memiliki karakteristik yaitu berkembang biak dengan cepat, sangat infiltratif (mampu menembus jaringan sekitarnya), agresif, mudah menyebar, serta sering kambuh. Angka kematian akibat angiosarkoma juga cukup tinggi.

 

Penyebab

Tidak diketahui dengan pasti apa yang menyebabkan angiosarkoma. Diperkirakan bahwa terjadi error pada gen yang mengatur sel lapisan dalam pembuluh darah atau pembuluh limfe. Error ini yang menyebabkan sel untuk bertumbuh cepat, memproduksi sel abnormal yang banyak. Sel yang abnormal akan terus berkembang sementara sel normal akan mati. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kumpulan sel abnormal ini dapat pecah dan menyebar ke area tubuh yang lain.

Sebanyak 3% dari angiokarsinoma berhubungan dengan adanya penyakit bawaan lainnya, seperti:

 

Faktor Risiko

Angiosarkoma paling sering dijumpai pada orang berusia di atas 70 tahun, namun dapat terjadi pada usia berapapun. Kanker ini juga diketahui dapat diturunkan. Beberapa ahli menyatakan bahwa orang dengan mutasi genetik tertentu dapat menderita angiosarkoma yang dapat diturunkan ke anaknya.

Faktor risiko yang lain adalah:

  • Menderita pembengkakan akibat sumbatan atau kerusakan sistem getah bening (limfedema). Pembengkakan biasanya terjadi pada lengan atau tungkai. Limfedema dapat terjadi ketika kelenjar getah bening diangkat (biasanya untuk terapi kanker), namun dapat juga akibat infeksi atau kondisi medis lainnya
  • Pernah menjalani terapi radiasi, seperti terapi untuk kanker payudara atau limfoma Hodgkin. Angiosarkoma akibat terapi radiasi memang jarang terjadi, namun tetap dapat dijumpai biasanya 5 sampai 10 tahun setelah terapi
  • Paparan terhadap bahan kimia yang dapat memicu kanker, terutama vinyl chloride dan arsen yang dapat menyebabkan angiosarkoma hati. Zat lain yang bersifat memicu kanker contohnya adalah dakron, lilin tulang, baja, dioksin (dihasilkan dari proses industri). Dengan begitu, dikatakan bahwa orang yang bekerja atau tinggal di kawasan industri lebih berisiko untuk terkena angiosarkoma
  • Paparan terhadap sinar ultraviolet. Kerusakan gen akibat ultraviolet dijumpai terutama pada angiosarkoma yang mengenai kepala, leher, wajah, dan kulit kepala.
  • Usia tua. Angiosarkoma kulit pada kepala dan leher lebih cenderung ditemukan pada populasi orang berusia tua. Kondisi ini jarang ditemukan pada anak-anak.
  • Menderita HIV/AIDS

 

Gejala

Angiosarkoma menyebabkan gejala yang timbul secara perlahan dan kadang tidak terdapat gejala sampai tahap lanjut. Gejala dan tanda angiosarkoma bervariasi bergantung lokasinya.

  • Angiosarkoma pada kulit. Pada kulit, angiosarkoma tampak seperti memar, yaitu perubahan warna kulit menjadi keunguan. Area ini mudah berdarah ketika tergaruk atau terbentur, serta akan membesar seiring berjalannya waktu. Kulit di sekitar daerah keunguan juga dapat membengkak. Selain itu, dapat juga timbul luka yang sulit sembuh.
  • Angiosarkoma pada organ tubuh. Jika angiosarkoma tumbuh di bagian dalam tubuh tidak mendekati permukaan kulit, maka dapat tidak menimbulkan gejala. Namun, seringkali terasa nyeri dan terkadang bisa terasa adanya benjolan yang semakin membesar. Nyeri disebabkan oleh penekanan kanker terhadap struktur saraf dan pembuluh darah sekitarnya. Gejala lainnya bergantung pada lokasi organ yang terkena, yaitu:
    • Patah tulang
    • Kekurangan sel darah merah
    • Gangguan fungsi hati
    • Perdarahan, misalnya BAB berdarah
    • Keping darah (trombosit) rendah
    • Nyeri punggung yang dapat menjalar sampai ke tungkai, jika kanker tumbuh di dekat persarafan tulang belakang
    • Pembesaran kelenjar getah bening
    • Pembengkakan pada lengan atau kaki

 

Diagnosa

Untuk mendiagnosa angiosarkoma, diperlukan beberapa pemeriksaan seperti:

  • Pemeriksaan radiologi. Untuk melihat ukuran dan lokasi tumor, dilakukan pemeriksaan seperti ultrasonografi (USG), CT scan, MRI, atau PET scan. Pemeriksaan mana yang akan Anda jalani akan bergantung pada lokasi dan kondisi dari angiosarkoma .
  • Untuk mengonfirmasi sebuah tumor merupakan jenis angiosarkoma, perlu dilakukan biopsi dengan mengambil sampel kecil dari tumor menggunakan jarum. Dokter spesialis patologi anatomi akan memeriksa sel dari sampel tersebut di bawah mikroskop.

 

Tata Laksana

Angiosarkoma adalah tipe kanker yang bertumbuh dengan cepat, sehingga dibutuhkan tata laksana yang agresif. Pilihan terapi bergantung pada lokasi, ukuran kanker, dan apakah kanker sudah menyebar ke bagian tubuh lain. Terapi angiosarkoma meliputi:

  • Mengangkat seluruh angiosarkoma yang dapat diangkat melalui operasi. Kanker dan jaringan sehat di sekitarnya akan diangkat. Namun, pada keadaan tertentu kanker tidak bisa diangkat dengan operasi, misalnya pada ukuran kanker yang terlalu besar atau kanker yang telah menyebar ke area tubuh lain.
  • Terapi radiasi. Terapi radiasi bisa dilakukan sebelum atau sesudah operasi. Radiasi menggunakan energi tinggi misalnya dari X-ray atau proton yang akan diarahkan ke lokasi tumor untuk mencegahnya tumbuh kembali setelah diangkat. Selain itu, terapi ini juga dilakukan untuk membunuh sel kanker pada angiosarkoma yang tidak dapat diangkat dengan operasi.
  • Kemoterapi dilakukan menggunakan obat atau bahan kimia untuk membunuh sel kanker. Jika kanker sudah menyebar ke anggota tubuh yang lain, maka kemoterapi dapat digunakan untuk membunuh sel kanker tersebut. Kemoterapi juga dapat dikombinasikan dengan terapi radiasi jika angiosarkoma tidak bisa diangkat dengan operasi. Pilihan obat kemoterapi adalah doksorubisin, mesna, ifosfamid. Selain itu, paxlitaksel dan dosetaksel menunjukan keefektifan dalam menangani angiosarkoma kepala, leher, dan kulit kepala.

 

Komplikasi

Tumor ganas pembuluh darah bersifat agresif dan sulit untuk diterapi. Selain itu, angiosarkoma juga seringkali salah atau tidak terdiagnosis. Hal ini menimbulkan angka penyebaran kanker dan kematian yang tinggi. Penyebaran kanker paling sering ke paru-paru. Angiosarkoma yang terjadi pada organ dalam, terutama hati dan jantung memiliki tingkat harapan hidup yang lebih rendah.

Komplikasi juga dapat terjadi akibat terapi, yaitu:

  • Komplikasi dari radioterapi: luka pada selaput lendir, patah tulang
  • Komplikasi dari kemoterapi: demam, kelainan darah, mual dan muntah yang tidak berespon terhadap obat mual, kelelahan, kebotakan
  • Komplikasi dari operasi adalah: masalah estetik, peradarahan, infeksi, gangguan saraf dan pembuluh darah akibat operasi, trombosis vena dalam, emboli paru, dan gangguan fungsi anggota gerak

 

Pencegahan

Strategi pencegahan kanker meliputi:

  • Menghindari paparan zat pencetus kanker
  • Menjalankan pola hidup dan diet yang sehat
  • Batasi konsumsi makanan yang mengandung pengawet kimia 

 

Kapan harus ke Dokter ?

Jika Anda memiliki gejala atau tanda seperti yang telah disebutkan diatas, sebaiknya Anda berkonsultasi dengan dokter. Jika dokter mencurigai adanya angiosarkoma, maka Anda akan dirujuk ke dokter spesialis kulit atau dokter spesialis kanker (onkologi).

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Kamis, 21 April 2022 | 03:05

Angiosarcoma. National Cancer Institute. (2022). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-vascular-tumors/angiosarcoma.

 

Angiosarcoma - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. (2022). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/angiosarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350248.

 

Angiosarcoma Medication: Antineoplastic agents. Emedicine.medscape.com. (2022). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276512-medication#1.

 

Angiosarcoma Cancer: Treatment, Prognosis, Research and Support. Liddy Shriver Sarcoma Initiative. (2022). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from http://sarcomahelp.org/angiosarcoma.html.

 

Jun Cao, M. (2022). Angiosarcoma: a review of diagnosis and current treatment. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6895451/.

 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new6.76msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 3364, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 07:07:51', '2025-04-06 07:07:51')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 3364
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 07:07:51
      • 8: 2025-04-06 07:07:51
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new990μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 31 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 31
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1190 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1190
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7715 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7715
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7858 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7858
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.63msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1085 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1085
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new880μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 6 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6103 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6103
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.19msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4109 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4109
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5766 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5766
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new920μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new1.03msselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.37msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    16Category.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    11Post.php#?
    App\User
    3User.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    2Tag.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
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